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The present article fathoms the difficulties as well as the beauty behind Leibnizian perspectivism, depicting the somewhat odd, yet highly elegant and influential relation between particular substances and the universal picture in which they are bound to fit. Moreover, it discusses several fundamental objections relayed via Strawson’s interpretational perspective, as well as their suspected flaws.
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As markets are organized and influenced at present, the market estimation of the marginal efficiency of capital may suffer such enormously wide fluctuations that the offset cannot be sufficiently only by adjusting to the fluctuations of the interest rates. As long as injections of cash work by reducing interest rates, they cannot be taken as a reliable solution. According to Keynes, the duty of ordering the current volume of investment cannot safely be left in private hands. On the other hand, it does not imply that Keynes thought booms and slumps could be prevented merely by pulling fiscal and monetary policy levers.
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It is clear that the 21st century is an age of risk. It is a time when the interconnection of all things is manifest in human affairs, and volatility has amplified beyond control, leaving organizations and individuals searching for new ways to understand, manage, mitigate and respond to a variety of global risks. The article emphasises a few global risks and related opportunities generated by the economic crisis. Decision makers must find new forms of cooperation to actively rebalance risks and opportunities to secure a more stable and sustainable long-term future. The new reality is manifested through global power shifts, economic uncertainty, resource scarcity, institutional weakness. The international community tries to provide a common platform for the discussion of relevant risk areas and catalysing new opportunities for a coherent risk response.
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Managing the European Unions external relations is a dynamic process, because the European Union defines its own foreign policy, it must also take into account external factors. These factors relate to economic interdependence increasingly more produced by the combined effects of a wave of liberalization of markets worldwide, the global communications revolution and accelerating technological progress. European Union needs to update the priorities in the context of international competition from increasingly powerful, cross-border investment flows of increasingly higher. Conscious of its global economic and trade, the European Union uses its power for personal interests and the interests of others. The European Union promotes prosperity and supports democratic values around the world, while it helps to consolidate stability and welfare for the citizens within its borders. Integrating new countries into the European Union strengthens its role on the international scene. The European Union is the world's largest trading partner, but at the same time, is the largest provider of aid to developing countries. Community has created a common foreign and security practice, with the ability to perform missions of crisis management and peacekeeping in Europe and worldwide. In today's complex, the European Unions have added new tools to the traditional instruments of foreign policy. This implies that global problems require global solutions.
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The fortune of the man is a tragic one, according to Le Clézio; the man is a prisoner of the material world, subjected to the historic time in which it is thrown, to the fate of his existence. Tayar, a young man comparable to the other in-adaptable young people in the world, is running out the threatening space of the city. But, when he wants to escape the town, he gets the emptiness of space, the nothingness. The topographic space which we analyze by linguistic means is a metaphor of the leak toward the freedom. The horizon is the non-attended limit where begins the perspective of "the other side", unbridgeable, which translates the effort of the men to exceed their finitude and at the same time the impossibility to go beyond this border, accessible only by the death.
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Globalization of the economy from the standpoint of economic theory is a step in the development of socialization of production - the historical process that begins with the formation of the social division of labor in individual countries, and then goes beyond national borders. The emergence of the international division of labor and complementing its international production specialization and cooperation are the stages of the globalization of production, objectively predetermines the appearance of global products and global reproduction ratios. The present level of international division of labor has led to a situation in a world that virtually no country, economic activity which would have been isolated from the outside world and economic processes locked within the nation state. Foreign trade of a relatively isolated economy to compensate for the lack of certain types of resources and products has turned into a universal element of economic life. It is not seldom has an impact on all key processes, including long-term growth, the acceleration of technological development, increasing economic efficiency. Foreign trade of the Republic of Moldova is of great importance and directly affects the economic development of the country, reflecting the dependence of the state's economy on external factors, that is, the degree of involvement in the process of globalization.
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The international crisis of July 1914 and the great diplomatic battle for Romania. The study used diplomatic documents as the base for a thorough analysis of the great confrontation that took place between the two military and political groups – the Central Power and the Entente, during the international crisis of July 1914. Their intentions were to attract Romania, according to their own interests, in the world war that was under way. Entente would prove to be the winner in this diplomatic battle, for whom Romania’s decision to be neutral represented a success. Due to space restrictions, this study is structured in two parts. Part I presents the aforementioned diplomantic events, starting with the crisis of July 1914 up until the outbreak of the war between the Serbia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Part II continues this presentation with an analysis of the facts and events that led to the decision adopted by the Romanian government, as the conflict was spreading and transforming into a world war. The study highlights that, although Romania’s diplomatic treaties with the Allied Powers influenced the decision adopted by the Romanian state to a certain extent, they did not play a leading role in it. The decision adopted by the Crown Council in Sinaia on August 3rd 1914 was based exclusively on an analysis of the opportunity to apply the treaty of alliance with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It not take into account the possibility of a political affinity with the Entente, and to an even lesser extent that going to war on the same side. Romania’s relationship with the Entente had not been discussed given the circumstances in which the option of King Carol I was to enter war alongside the Central Powers. The solution of army standby, supported by prime-minister I. I. C Bratianu and adopted by the Romanian government, was a solution that reflected Romania’s real interests. At the same time, it served as a premise for a policy which supported – even if only partially – the ideal of national unity. As a consequence, Romania’s foreign policy, which had taken shape in the previous period, continued on a new basis, formed by the decision of leaving the alliance with the Central Powers.
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The aim of this article is to highlight the meanings of the Greek term eros (“love passion”, in ancient Greek, usually opposite to agape, “Christian love”) in Saint Symeon the New Teologian’s main writing. It is well known that, in Antiquity, there was a very clear distinction between the terms that expressed love: eros, philia and agape and that, in Christianity, the term agape specializes, expressing Christian love, in opposition to eros, used for expressing sensual, bodily, inferior love. Nevertheless, in Saint Symeon the New Theologian’s writings, this stereotypic dissociation is not respected at all, both terms coexisting and referring to approximately the same realities.
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The study undelines the features and the integrative concepts to discuss the 20th century that was the pinnacle of modernity, but also marked a crisis of scientism that ushered in an era of deconstructive transition also known as postmodernity. During the century in question, science and philosophy experienced a particular development, with most significant twists and turns. In the 20th century cognition in general and science in particular became the focus of thought and creation, technological achievements and technocratic determinations being themselves the object of investigation for philosophers, economists, politicians, socio-psychologists. Modernity, with its propensity forscience and logic, is likely to be replaced by postmodernity, which also starts from scientific knowledge, but seeks to reform it, most likely, shaping a new scientific revolution in the area of communication science, cognition and computers.
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Our article discusses the kinship of two thinkers of reference in the universal philosophical landscape, who lived in different eras and belonged to emblematic cultures for European philosophy. Both philosophers analyse intuition, but each understands something different by it and relate differently to it, from the perspective of their own systems of thought. Nevertheless, in the view of both thinkers neither reason, nor intelligence is paramount, but intuition - both seeing in it a wonderful process by which we understand our essence, and the essence of the universe. We find this approach particularly interesting and of great significance to contemporary philosophical research, and for the contemporary man obsessed with the intellect, intuition may be a chance of rescue.
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The aim of this study is a comparative analysis of European Union countries in terms of human capital. Determination of the stock and prospects of human capital development is an important issue today, both in economic theory and business practice. In this study soft modeling method was used. It allows measurement of unobserved variables.
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This paper contains the attempt to describe the phenomenon of shadow economy as a zero-sum non-cooperative, normal form game between households and the government. In the model government spending can be treated as a government consumption or as an expenses that contribute to increased social welfare and for the provision of public goods and services. We conduct sensitivity analysis of Nash equilibrium in models with two different types of government expenditure and examine whether proposed models indicate a various mechanisms and determinants of the undeclared economic activity.
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The construction is important in a market economy. From the development of the construction industry depends on large extent how the economy will function. Hence, the need for continuous monitoring of both –the market and the use of methods- that will objectively evaluate the quality of the construction companies. The paper contains consideration about usage discriminant analysis in financial audit of construction companies. 30 companies from construction sector, which are listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange, were selected for study. The analysis encompassed financial data from balance sheets and from profit and loss account in the period from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2012.
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In the current literature, many different stochastic extensions of the DEA framework can be found. Such generalized approaches enable one to model the uncertainty inherent to the form of the production possibility set and the value of the technical efficiency measure at any given point of the former. In the paper we provide a detailed discussion of some statistical model and the subsampling algorithm which are used in statistical inference. The methodology is then illustrated with an empirical example using the real-world data from the Polish energy sector.
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This paper aims at identifying factors (external and internal) affecting the ability of an enterprise to survive on the market. The analysis is based on the results of a retrospective study conducted in 2012 on a sample of enterprises from Malopolska voivodeship. Methods and models of event history analysis, including semiparametric Cox’s model were applied to analyse enterprises’ survival. The approach based on the event history analysis allows us to include dynamics of the process. The results provided extensive data on how factors such as size, activity sector, market range, legal form and internals conditions like: owner characteristics, investments, profits, reported barriers affect the survival of enterprises.
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Consider a finite population of N units. Let θ∈(0,1) denotes the fraction of units with a given property. The problem is in interval estimation of θ on the basis of a sample drawn due to the simple random sampling without re¬pla¬ce¬ment. It is of interest to obtain confidence intervals of a prescribed length. In the paper the minimal sample size which guarantees the length to not exceed the given value is calculated.
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The scope of Polish macro-economic data for assessing the level of socio-economic development of the country is largely limited because of the regional variation. Therefore there is a need for cyclic selection and the verification of criteria which allow identifying regions with a similar level of socio-economic development or those that clearly differ from the mean values. The aim of the study is to compare Poland’s provinces in terms of their socio-economic development, which helps identify the most similar regions as far as the adopted criteria are concerned.
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