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The Doha Round began with a ministerial-level meeting in Doha, Qatar in 2001. Despite the ambitious agenda of the negotiations, the WTO members failed to meet the deadline settled in Doha. The main negotiations problems still are: agriculture, the special safeguard mechanism (SSM), sensitive products, NAMA. The causes of lack of compromise are also the system of decision making under WTO and the domestic situation in member countries caused by the financial crisis.
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The paper discusses trends and patterns in inter-firm technology partnering over the past four decades. The analysis concentrates on the description and the evolution of different forms of technology alliances including the international context.
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The contemporary financial and economic crisis is dangerous for the whole world. Because of globalization it has negatively influenced the Chinese economy since 2008, weakening the level of Chinese GDP from 14.2% in 2007 to 7.8% in 2012, with the average 9.22% for 5 crisis years (2008−2012). This period can be named the time of dynamic development. In 2012 the main role in the political and economic life was played by the 18th Congress of Communist Party of China, which planned a new program of building the middle class as part of the socialist market economy.
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Horse racing system getting involved a large number of different types of business entities causes that the development of racing in a positive manner can result in the development of the whole cooperative system. However, in the times of crisis, this dependence makes it tangible in all areas of the economic subsystem. Therefore this relation can have negative influence. In the horse racing system a special role is played by breeding, racing tracks and wagering. The economic crisis that began in 2008 had a negative impact on all components of horse racing system. It has particularly been felt in breeding activities, which have been struggling with the consequences until now. The crisis also negatively influences the system of racing organization and related wagering system. Europe and America continue to remain under the influence of negative consequence of the crisis, only the results in Asian indicate dealing with it.
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This paper examines the economic and institutional determinants of FDI in European countries, from 1996 to 2011. This study utilized the panel data model to examine this issue. The observations confirmed the presence of significant differences between the variables of FDI in developed and developing countries. The empirical results support that FDI in developed countries is positively correlated to population and regulatory quality index. For developing countries the impact of GDP growth , GDP per capita and government effectiveness index are significant. It is interesting that the lack of political freedom and the rule of law and order does not have a negative impact on FDI in developing countries.
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Excessive volatility in food prices impacts both manufacturers and consumers and leads to serious effects on food security of developing countries which import food. Before the financial and economic crisis on the international markets there was a sharp increase in prices of food products, called the food crisis. The reaction to this crisis was to restrict freedom of agricultural trade in certain developing countries and in countries highly developed the discussion on food security issues once more began. The main aim of the work is the presentation of the issue of price instability on the modern global market. To the specific objectives of the task is to show the consequences of price instability, attempting to counter such a situation on the world market and the impact of instability prices for food security.
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In the short outline the article presents the influence of the crisis in the organization. What consequences can be, when an enterprise is becoming ponderous and not very elastic in times when global crises often repeat. More problematic is becoming the problem what the crisis is and how it affects the development of enterprises. In what way organizations can effectively prepare for the coming of the crisis and what symptoms are preceding the advent of the recession. The purpose of this article is first of all to present modern conceptions and solutions which are functioning in the developed economy, which contribute to the development and the expansion of enterprises into new markets and which also effectively warn against coming of the crisis and eliminate its influence. When “a storm is coming, some are erecting walls, others are building windmills”. Thanks to the arising and overcoming of the crisis, the enterprise can notice new chances and directions of the development and learn effectively to struggle with appearing problems. Concepts and strategies which are discussed in this work are in modern organizations which are not afraid of crises and can even see their profit in it.
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The aim of the paper is to present the state and possibilities of development of agri-food trade of the European Union and NAFTA in the conditions of implementation of the new agricultural agreement negotiated under the WTO auspices. A general equilibrium model of Global Trade Analysis Project was used in the research to make ex ante projections. There were two variants of the simulation analysis differing in the degree of reduction of customs tariffs. At first it was assumed that the liberalization of world agricultural trade would follow the proposals contained in the draft modalities of December 2008. In the second variant full multilateral liberalization of global trade in agricultural products was assumed.
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The article presents the instruments that are used in the European Central Bank to resolve the crisis in the eurozone. In addition to conventional monetary policy measures emergency actions were discussed, and among them a new instrument called Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT). It consists in the unlimited buying of bonds of eurozone countries by the ECB on the secondary market. The program should contribute to the stabilization of the bond markets, as well as to the implementation of structural reforms in the countries in crisis.
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The paper presents the development of the EU regional policy and its impact on the sustainable development of the Lubuskie region. The considerations focus on the origins, goals, instruments, structural funds and dimension of sustainable development conducted on the basis of the analysis of resource documents related to EU regional policy. Regional policy remains the key aspect of the functioning of the European Union and its current shape results from the support of structural changes and levelling out the differences in the standard of living in particular EU member countries.
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This paper presents a brief overview of the impact of European integration on the international competitiveness of national economies in three fields: international trade, foreign investment and labour market, including the role of the economic crisis 2007+. We used a modified version of the classical concept of the “magic quadrangle” of competitiveness, i.e. the GDP growth rate, international trade (especially the current account situation), labour market (measured by the growth rate of unemployment) and inflation. The issue of inflation was presented briefly, because the transfer of responsibility for monetary policy to the supranational level of ECB means that inflation does no longer directly reflect the situation of the national economy. The aspect of foreign direct investment was revised because of its vital role in shaping the state’s economic situation. It is also one of the main fields of the direct competition of national economies. This paper assesses the impact of the first decade of the euro zone functioning on the national economies competitiveness till the outburst of the crisis. We also analyzed the impact of the crisis on the competitiveness of the euro zone and identified the economic problems that were highlighted by its outburst in the euro zone states.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse causes of fiscal crisis in eurozone as well as the process of its management: its philosophy and instruments, in the context of “multi speed” of the European Union. The analysis is pursued against the background of the paradigm of economics of integration and of monetary integration in particular. The performances of the eurozone economy is confronted with the theory of monetary union.
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Science and technology parks (STPs) have been studied since the 50s of the twentieth century, when the first STP was founded. The number of technology parks in the world increased in decades. We could see a real boom on STPs in Europe at the beginning of the twenty-first century thanks to the availability of EU funds. The aim of this article is to systematize the definition of a technology park, science and technology park, science park and to show the goals for STPs, as well as to determine whether science and technology parks provide opportunities for the development of innovation. The author presents services by which parks are trying to create a pro-innovation environment, while showing characteristics that distinguish them from traditional office buildings. In the paper there were used data from the International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation study conducted in 2006-2007 and 2012, and observations of the author.
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The author of the study focuses on the issue of the economic effects of a free trade area between the European Union and South Korea (KOREU FTA). The agreement, which entered into force on 1 July 2011, is the most comprehensive agreement reached by the European Union. The author analyzes the potential and, where possible, the actual effects of the agreement on trade and economic growth.
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The end of bipolar world division brought about by geopolitical changes at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s had a noticeable effect on the global arms market. In terms of market activities, global arms market is dominated by direct communication, most of all – direct sale – but the sector also employs a range of indirect communication instruments, such as sale promotions and public relations activities. The role of advertisement on global arms market is somehow limited, but by no means obsolete. Advertisement is used to good effect as a supporting instrument in the process of communication between the industry and the market, concentrating mainly on informing and shaping a company image. In terms of communication media used, the most significant are: press advertisement, TV and radio spots, electronic ads, outdoor advertising, gift advertising and trade fairs. Similar to civilian institutional markets, trade press is the prevailing medium of market communication on the international arms market. Based on a sample of 327 advertisements placed in the years 2010- -2012 in specialized press publications on defence and military technology, this author analysed and distinguished a range of characteristic forms of communication message presented in trade press, namely: benefit appeal, security appeal, accent on cooperation, accent on environment, practical message based on information and technology, and unconventional message. In recent years, there has been a marked increase of electronic advertisement, the sign of the times. Another interesting phenomenon in this context is the unprecedented advance of arms advertisement in civilian space. In the United States, outdoor billboards of military equipment are placed on the streets in major cities, most notably in Washington, DC. There is also a marked increase of arms market communication in local press. Similar messages are employed by the arms sector in other countries, including Poland, but to a much lesser extent. However, it may be assumed that the scale of this phenomenon will grow in the foreseeable future, due to the increased competition brought about by the emergence of new global players.
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The article describes the nature of the socio–economic-political doctrine of Peronism. The aim of this paper is to identify the causes of the economic crisis in Argentina in the twenty-first century, due to Peronism policy. Key macroeconomic indicators, such as gross domestic product, inflation, and unemployment were analyzed to characterize the economy of the country in reference to the governance of the current president of Argentina, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner.
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Clusters, which should be regarded as a specific type of the networks of cooperating enterprises, are the site of continuous processes of economic integration and disintegration – with the a predominance of the former ones. While the overriding aim in the classic processes of economic integration is to gain specific financial benefits, in the situation of economic downturn, it is increasing the sense of security and maximally reducing the operating costs of enterprises that gain importance. Integration is treated as “a remedy for the crisis.” As a result of the analysis of the studies on Polish and European clusters, the article presents such processes as: 1) a group “leap into the future” through generating innovation, with the supporting role of universities; 2) creating networks and organizations of clusters; 3) economic patriotism; 4) maximization of the synergy effect, eliminating at the same time any unnecessary activities and wastage of resources in clusters; 5) benefiting from all available programs of cluster support.
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