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Nicephor Niepce considered photography as ‘a point of view’, or ‘an image rooted in the reality’. Breton considered photographic cameras as ‘blind instruments’, nevertheless, he believed that photographs were ‘non-mimetic’, but, rather, they were objective images which reflected the true aspects of things. Nadar said that photographic theory couldn’t be learnt in one hour or in one day, because we couldn’t quickly learn how to communicate with models in order to reveal his/her ‘intimate likeness’. Giacometti produced sculpture which resembled stiff 19th century photographic portraits. He often located the human figures on pedestals which he considered as their environment. After Cezanne, artists didn’t show the likeness of their models, but, rather, they showed the process which led toward showing the likeness. Giacometti’s pedestals resembled theatrical stage where his figures could appear and perform their roles. Composition and distance are constant in Giacometti’s work. Sartre considered unchangeable distance as ‘absolute distance’. Giacometti tried to see objects as if he saw them while walking along a pavement. His sculptured figures look like the shadows seen through the lens of a camera, walking along the horizon line. He always concentrated on figures seen from a long distance. His figures don’t have clear contour and their faces have no details. He wanted us to see people in impossible situations, when they almost disappeared from our sight, but, miraculously, are still visible.
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John Waters is one of the founders of ‘trash culture’. He grew up in Baltimore, and currently lives in Hollywood. As high school student, he was interested in a puppet theatre. In 1966, he produced a show entitled ‘Twelve Assholes and Dirty Foot’. Later he was interested in movies, and directed such films as ‘Hag in a Black Leather Jacket’, and ‘Mondo Trasho’ (1969), ‘Pink Flamingos’ (1972), ‘Polyester’ (1981), and ‘Hairspray’ (1988). He always concentrated on trash motifs. His movies were often considered as scandalous productions. In 1985, the Art Museum in Baltimore organized a retrospective show of his photography. In 2000, Melanie Griffith starred in his movie entitled ‘Cecil de Mented’. Usually, he employed friends as actors and actresses, but he also made exceptions from that rule. Cartoon movie characters were used by Waters in his movie entitled ‘The Hot Seat’.
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In today’s world, in the face of the increasingly stronger global competition, human capital is one of the essential conditions for rapid economic development. In West Pomeranian Voivodeship (zachodniopomorskie) employment rates are among the lowest in the country, the unemployment rate is among the highest. For the future development of the region, the demographic processes are important. Forecasts indicate that in the next 10 years the demographic structure in West Pomeranian Voivodeship will become sharply deteriorated. The purpose of the article is an attempt to present selected aspects of human capital in West Pomeranian Voivodeship against the background of the economy of this voivodeship.
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The article presents issues related to the establishment and operation of a crossborder region. Cooperation between representatives of both communities must be caused by a specific stimulus – it may be the functioning of cross-border national parks. The article includes the characteristics of the EU projects implemented by KPN and KRNAP.
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This article presents the results of the pilot study carried out in July 2011 among 180 small and medium-sized enterprises which were beneficiaries of Measure III.2 Raising innovativeness and competitiveness of enterprises of the Regional Operational Programme for the Lodz Region for the years 2007-2013. The preliminary results show a significantly positive impact of investment subsidies on the innovativeness and competitiveness of the enterprises.
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The aim of the paper was the comparison of the rural areas of voivodeships in Poland in the field of environment protection infrastructure. The research was carried in 2000, 2004 and 2010. To point the region position, the methods of Multidimensional Comparative Analysis were used. Ordering of the objects was done by the pattern method in four diagnostic areas described by twenty features. For checking which of the objects, by virtue of x1, ..., x20, were particularly similar, the classification by the hierarchical agglomeration infrastructure was done.
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The article describes local entrepreneurship and its determinants. In the paper West Pomeranian Voivodeship is presented, along with a description of the socio-economic situation, infrastructure and enterprise level for urban, urban-rural and rural municipalities. The entrepreneurship index was calculated as the number of units existing in REGON register to the population of the municipality. The further part of the article contains a description of the situation of women in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. The analyzed period covers the years 2005-2009.
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Numerous studies indicate that there is no economic convergence in Poland at the level of regions (voivodships) or subregions. In many cases we can actually observe the phenomenon of divergence, i.e., increasing differences in economic development levels. Does it mean that, taking into account the fact that the primary objective of the cohesion policy is to reduce interregional disproportions, the policy is not working in Poland? The answer depends on the assumed point of view. From the perspective of the European Union, all Poland’s regions are among the poorest in Europe – the difference between voivodship-level and EU-level GDPs per capita is diminishing for all the voivodships, the process being much faster in the cohesion policy’s implementation period than before that time. On the other hand, the pace of catching up with the EU is, on average, more rapid for the richest voivodships, which unavoidably results in voivodship-level income divergences.
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The article presents the general process of restructuring PKP Energetyka and its individual stages. The company belongs to PKP SA. Group but is a separate legal entity. The article also presents the nature and types of restructuring, together with the results of this process in PKP. Additionally, characteristics as well as legal and organizational changes of the company were presented, and a brief analysis of selected aspects of activities and finances of PKP Energetyka company was conducted. The summary contains information concerning the company that will most probably be privatized in 2012 as the first one of the PKP Group.
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The article presents the developments in Poland and its neighbours in 1990-2010. It focuses on the similarities and differences of the macroeconomic situation of these countries during their economic transition. The presentation of differences in the basic macroeconomic indicators in the analyzed period is based on “the pentagon of macroeconomic stabilization”, while the effectiveness of the economies of these countries is verified by the indicators of the macroeconomic situation (MSP). The results of the analysis indicate different GDP growth rates in these countries in spite of the similarities in their economic development. The period of recession in Poland was exceptionally short, enabling the country to resume accelerated economic growth. Ukraine, despite its long period of transformation recession, has managed to catch up with Poland and other post-communist countries, currently members of the EU.
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The researched subject is West Pomeranian region and its subregions, szczeciński and koszaliński, in the period between 1999 and 2008. Average share of West Pomeranian region in creation of country’s GDP accounted for 4.31%. A bigger share, almost twice the amount, in making the GDP was experienced by the szczeciński region. The analysis of economic, vital and infrastructural factors shows that negative tendencies has weakened. In some spheres the level of subregions development has equalized; however, in general, the szczeciński subregion is the leader. The analysis of economic factors points the szczeciński subregion as the wealthier.
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The issue of public safety, particularly important in the state border and border areas, has gained importance in the context of political changes that have taken place in Poland, mainly the accession to the European Union and the opening of the Schengen area. This article aims to describe the cooperation in the area public security in the Poland–Germany borderland. The following issues were discussed in this paper:1) crime in the Poland–Germany borderland, 2) regional cooperation in the area of public safety and 3) international cooperation in the area of public safety.
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One of the conditions of positive welfare effects of FDI inflow to the host economy is their export-oriented profile. If an investor directs its production to foreign markets, then the additional revenue offered to owners of local factors of production (mainly labor) will give a direct effect of economic growth because the risk of substitution of domestic production is minimal. The analysis of the export activity of foreign investors in Poland in 2009 indicates significant regional differences in terms of its relationship to the value of invested capital, revenues and scope of cooperation with associated companies within the group (vertical linkages).
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Numerous factors, which can be seen as either opportunities or obstacles to growth, have an impact on SME functioning. Obstacles to growth, which may increase in marginalized regions situated far from the centre of socio-economic development, constitute a particularly significant problem for SMEs. Stimulating SME growth in these regions ought to be carried out via an efficiently operating business environment that provides high quality services and with the support from self-government authorities. The aim of this paper is to establish the determinants of SME growth in marginalized regions and to show the directions of support in the light of the studies conducted in Lódź Voivodeship.
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Regional policy usually stays under the control of individual countries, but its over national, European dimension is defined by at least two important premises: disparity of socio-economic development level between individual member countries and existence of a great development disparity between regions, and also creation of homogeneous European market. The goals and priorities of the regional development of the European Union affect forms of global and regional policies of individual UE countries, also of Poland.
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The elaboration includes the analysis and the appraisal of the development of the Mediterranean basin regions in conditions of the global crisis of finance. In the analyses the authors used the groups of diagnostics variables which describe the full process of development with respect to two dimensions: social and economic. The appliance of PERKAL method, which belongs to the non-model groups, allowed carrying out the ranking and grouping the objects according to the summary indexes value. The study showed that between units there are essential disproportions in the level of socio-economic. In the elaboration the authors used statistical data contained in the publications and reports of OECD, AMECO and EUROSTAT.
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This article describes the occurrence of natural disasters in the area of Europe and the international cooperation in the field of counteracting their results. In the first part of the article, the author presents the number of the natural disasters and the negative consequences for the environment connected with their occurrence in the region. Next the international cooperation in the field of counteracting the results of the natural disasters in Europe is described. The mentioned institutions are, e.g., the United Nations, the Search and Rescue, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the European Union.
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Tourism has a chance to be the most dynamically developed sector in Polish– German borderland. Tourism is potentially the competition field in the nearest future as well. Following these assumptions, in the paper the author analyzed the most important condition of coopetition (competition and cooperation) in the field of tourism in Saxony–Lower Silesian borderland, concerning political, social and economic aspects.
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