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A social status and legal status of persons with disabilities should be exa-mined from a social model of interpreting disability. Persons with disabilities do not need pity but concrete support, primarily the one that refers to the realization of their basic human rights and freedoms. A precondition for the realization of human rights and the achievement of full equality of persons with disabilities is the existence of anti-discrimination legislation by which the mechanisms of protection in cases of discrimination based on disability are regulated in a precise manner. In addition to the adequate legal framework and anti-discrimination regulations, it is also necessary to adopt the Strategy on undertaking and affirmation of actions and measures for creating equal opportunities based on equality. Formulating and re a li zing this strategy is possible exclusively with the full participation of persons with disabilities. Such actualization of the rights of persons with disabilities and articulation of their interests at a state level can result in their better status in our society after a number of years. The anti-discrimination set of laws that have been adopted in Serbia in the last several years represents a solid legal framework for the realization of rights and equality of persons with disabilities. However, there is a discrepancy between a normative and actual status of persons with disabilities in Serbia. There will be no better living conditions and rights of persons with disabilities without the systematic education of our citizens and relevant social and political factors. The education of only those people who deal with this issue is not enough. Therefore, the normative illusions according to which the new legal regulation would automatically provide persons with disabilities with better conditions should be avoided. New legal regulation in this field is necessary but not sufficient. One should always have in mind that no person is a disturbance in terminology or in reality. A person is not limitation but opportunity and the difference between people should not be made, regardless of whether they have more or less prominent (dis)abilities.
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The lecture presents the results of a research in the social position of people with disabilities in Serbia from the theoretical framework of the so-called social constructivism. This theoretical approach advocates the view that disability is a phenomenon that cannot be separated from the historical, legal and social context, and that it is a problem that cannot be reduced to the primary health damage of individuals, but it discusses whether and to what extent the social environment is adjusted to different abilities of individuals. The participation in social life is therefore viewed as an indicator of the willingness of social environment to engage the available capacities of persons with disabilities. The commitment to this kind of interpretation of disability meant that the attitude of society towards people with disabilities in Serbia should be examined in several key areas, and the lecture presents the results of studying the life histories of thirty people with disabilities through the most important aspects of their interaction with the narrower and wider social environment. The analysis of these life histories has sown that the prejudices that are deeply rooted in the culture represent a key fact in the interpretation of the overall relationship of society to the studied population. Incompetence attributed by the environment is attached to disability as the primary damage. As a result, the generalization of the primary damage to the entire personality occurs. The outcome of the persistent preservation of prejudice is an environment which is unavailable, the exclusion from social life and the establishment of a social distance by the population majority. Moreover, it was found that the personal identity of people with disabilities is inextricably linked to their social identity. Thus, within the culturally and socially defined circumstances, a framework is created that (does not) allow individuals to develop their abilities and needs.
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Constitution of Republic of Serbia explicitly prohibits discrimination on basis of physical and intellectual disability. Law on Prevention of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities from 2006 and the general Law on Prohibition of Discrimination from 2009 provide the legislative framework for combating discrimination. Law on the Prevention of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities prescribes the general regime of the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of disability, particular acts of prohibited discrimination, the procedure for legal protection of persons that have been subjected to illegal acts of discrimination, sanctions for perpetrators of particular acts of discrimination, and measures the state takes in order to promote the social integration of persons with disabilities. Serbia's general laws such as Labor Law, Law on University Education, Law on System of Education, Law on Professional Rehabilitation and Employment of Persons with Disabilities, and Law on Health Care also prohibit discrimination on grounds of disability. The laws on the prevention of discrimination against persons with disabilities are a necessary precondition for full social inclusion of those persons, but aren't the sole condition. States have to adopt legislation providing for measures for the equalization of opportunities for persons with disabilities. When analyzing the legislation and policies which Serbia adopted over the past decade, one may reach a conclusion that a progress in equalization of opportunities provided to persons with disabilities has been made but much more has yet to be done to enable those persons to participate in all areas of social life on basis of equality with other citizens of Serbia.
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The Ombudsman's activities during 2010 in terms of the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities were realized within eight types of activities: 1) The constant communication with the organizations of persons with disabilities, 2) Acting according to the citizens' complaints, 3) Activities within the EU Twinning project of providing support to Ombudsman, 4) Supporting the OSCE Mission to Ombudsman's capacity raising consisted of providing support for organizing the so-called Ombudsman Day in Uzice in July and in Kraljevo in September, 5) Supervision, including the unannounced ones, in the residential institutions for old people and adult people with disabilities was done, 6) The Conference "The right to make a decision - a matter of deprivation of legal capacity of persons with disabilities in Serbia", 7) The problems of workers who were injured at work and 8) The guidelines for non-discrimination language and behaviour in official discourse and context. In her paper the author analyzes in details the results of the Ombudsman's work in every of the above mentioned fields and points to some of the elementary problems persons with disabilities face in Serbia.
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Persons with disabilities are among the poorest and most discriminated parts of general population. Development of support services is one of the preconditions for their full inclusion in society. One has to make to replace the paradigm of social responsibility (derived from concepts of social protection, caring and protection) to paradigm of social inclusion, i.e. creating conditions for full participation. The above mentioned approached is clearly defined in numerous international and national documents, primarily Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Serbia's Law on Prevention of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities and National Disability Strategy. Model of service that is especially relevant for work and mission of Center for Independent Living of Persons with Disabilities of Serbia is personal assistance, as it is one of the ways to eliminate barriers and create equal opportunities in the fields of education, employment and civic activism. Using this service, a person with disability can satisfy his/ her personal needs, needs in household and his/ her social needs. This service enables a person to use his/ her own potentials, develop self- respect and dignity, to control one's privacy, maintain and strengthen one's individual autonomy and to assume responsibility.
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The status of persons with disabilities in the Serbian and Yugoslavian society have been shaped by contempt, the absence of moral relation between society and people in the condition of social needs, state policy and prejudice. A mixture and set of social prejudice towards persons with disabilities have been expressed through the disability language which has shaped the disconnection of persons with disabilities by labeling. Many of expressions have progressed from the description of a medical condition of a person with disability in the assortment of a language of obscenity and insults. Other terms do not leave the basic field of meaning but they describe disability as an integral part of a person. The disability language have been shaped by various ideologies which have been created based on religious, medical, language, even ethical preconceptions, that have indirectly influenced the prolongation of implementing the moral social policy towards per sons with disabilities.
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Even though persons with disabilities have all the rights set forth in the universal human rights instruments adopted under the auspices of the United Nations, they faced various barriers such as prejudice and discrimination in the attempts to exercise the above- mentioned rights. United Nations adopted a series of specific documents aimed at prescribing measures for the implementation of the rights of persons with disabilities. UN General Assembly unanimously adopted Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. It was open for signature and ratification on March 30th 2007. The Convention that entered in force on May 3rd 2008. Republic of Serbia signed the Convention on the Rights of Persons with disabllities and the Optional Protocol to it on December 17th 2007. After harmonizing the national legislation with the provisions of the Convention, Parliament of Serbia ratified the Convention and Optional Protocol to it on May 29th 2009. After depositing the instruments of ratification at the UN, Convention and Optional Protocol to it became legally binding international treaties between Serbia and other state parties on July 31st 2009. The purpose of this instrument of international public law is to promote, protect and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms of persons with disabilities.
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International Scene and Signals Sent by Nobel Prize for Economics Award
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The article deals with possible impacts of military and economic cooperation on economic security of international organizations members. In the first part is defined the term security and its relation to national economic stability. In the second part are examined impacts of international economic and international security cooperation on national economic stability. Finally is being searched the character of the most important international organizations with the aim on economic security.
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Neo-liberal policies of 1980’s and 1990’s have resulted in serious financial crises and balance of payments problems in all over the world. These policies have remained insufficient and defective in the face of modern capitalist system. Under these circumstances, the notion of nation-state has begun to be eroded and this fact leads some social scientists to neo-logical efforts of neo-liberalism. As a result, the functions of the state in modern capitalist world and new liberal development policies have been reconsidered. In this study, we shall question the implications of ‘industrial district models’ that can be regarded as a new industrial development model of new liberal paradigm.
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The authors conducted the first study about FDI spillovers in Slovakia in order to find out if there is an evidence of horizontal and vertical spillovers that are beneficial for the Slovak enterprises. Based on the study of the biggest investors in Slovakia they conclude that the forward and backward vertical spillovers are rather limited, even though the potential for spillovers exist, especially among the Slovak suppliers of the foreign companies. The scope of horizontal spillovers is also quite limited: they appear on a bigger scale only through the movement of human capital which contributes to their spread into local companies.
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Over the past two decades a significant changes has been recorded in Slovak consumer goods market. They were produced by globalizing a commercial exchange. The changed competition environment is characterised by a different degree of intensity of cooperation between the manufacturers and distributors such as retailers at this time. The paper represents an approach based on two levels. That theoretical defines a question concerning the globalisation and the competition in trade. The operational level of this study seeks to explain a particular practices and methodological aspects of concentration and competition in the consumer goods market.
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