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Roman Kuźniar, Droga do wolności. Polityka zagraniczna III Rzeczypospolitej (Lubomir Zyblikiewicz) Przemysław Grudziński, Państwo inteligentne. Polska w poszukiwaniu międzynarodowej roli (Agnieszka Bieńczyk-Missala) Henryk Szlajfer (red.), Ku wielkiej zmianie. Korespondencja między Ambasadą PRL w Waszyngtonie a Ministerstwem Spraw Zagranicznych, styczeń-październik 1989; Gregory F. Domber (red.), Ku zwycięstwu "Solidarności". Korespondencja Ambasady USA w Warszawie z Departamentem Stanu, styczeń-wrzesień 1989 (Włodzimierz Borodziej) Omówienia
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Features of humus horizons are strictly controlled by environmental factors like trophic and climatic conditions. Morphology of humus horizons is a key to understanding the conditions and processes that shape the horizons. In the Tatra Mountains many factors influence humus formation. Firstly, soils are developed on different bedrock – limestones and more acidic shales. Secondly, on large areas natural beech forests have been eplaced by spruce forests. The aim of this study is to compare the existing humus form classifications to verify their applicability in this diverse region.
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The paper presents results of research on the properties of soils developed on rhyolites in the Kamienne Mountains (Sudetes). It exhibits soil diversity of the area which is relatively poorly studied in the field of soil typology. The research focuses on morphology and physicochemical properties of soil profiles whose localization varied in terms of: position on slope, slope angle and aspect, vegetation and elevation. Although the parent material is relatively homogeneous, a significant diversity of soil properties was observed. Shallow profiles and coarse fragment content usually exceeding 65% typify soils developed from rhyolites in the Kamienne Mountains. Most of the investigated soil profiles distinguish themselves with a colour of 5YR and 7YR which are characteristic for rhyolite regolith. A high organic matter content noted in these soils is a result of the influence of climatic conditions and vegetation type, and also a quantitative impact of coarse fragment content in the soil profile. The occurrence of podzolization process is conditioned by high permeability and very acidic pH. owever, Podzols can be found only in specific morphological situations, in places where significant amount of fine fractions is accumulated. The observed large diversity of soil properties diversity can be attributed to topography, slope angle and some morphogenetic processes. The influence of climatic conditions, varying with the elevation, and vegetation type can also affect soil properties.
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The data presented in this paper confirms the existence of lithological discontinuities in Podzols, usually at the boundaries between E and B horizons. This phenomenon is supported by the results of particle size analysis: changes in the content of medium sand, coarse and fine sand, fine silt and clay. The presence of lithological discontinuities zone is also indicatedd by sedimentological indexes, first of all the average diameter of grains, as well as the asymmetry of particle size distribution. Based on the above arguments it can be concluded that Podzols formed from Upper Cretaceous sandstones in the Stołowe Mountains are heterogeneous.
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The Karkonosze Massif as a part of the Sudety Mts is frequently considered as a mountain range where surficial degradation processes are most active. It is especially true for the area above the upper timber line (subalpine and alpine zone), anthropogenically altered slope surfaces and stream channels, and so far it has been proved by numerous analytical studies. However, in many of these studies the process of tree uprooting has not been takien into account and the forest belt zone has been rarely a subject of detailed geomorphological research. Results of the present study suggest that tree uprooting, in the Karkonosze Mts mostly caused by frequent episodes of high foehn winds, is probably the most important single factor of biomechanical alteration of soil mantle in the upper forest belt of the massif. It is also an agent which initiates further geomorphological processes within root plates and tree throw pits, as well as changes of pedogenetic meaning, including regressive remodeling of soils.
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The effective cation exchange capacity in the surface layers of soils in the Stołowe Mountains reached mean values of 8–10 cmol(+) kg-1, of which up to 60% is exchangeable aluminum. The sum of base cations depends on the organic carbon content and particle-size distribution, related to the parent rock type. The largest sum is in soils derived from Cretaceous mudstones, followed by Permian sandstones and granite, whereas the smallest – from the Cretaceous sandstones. Among the soils derived from mudstones, Dystric Cambisols have the smallest base cation sum (2–2.5 cmol(+) kg-1), Luvisols have a two-fold higher and Eutric Cambisols – a three-fold higher one. The mean base saturation achieved 60% in Eutric Cambisols and 45% in Luvisols, while in Dystric Cambisols developed both from mudstones, Permian sandstones and granites it was on average 25% only. The sum of exchangeable base cations and base saturation in soils clearly differentiate the trophic status of forest habitats in the Stołowe Mountains, reflecting the interactions of geology and typological soil-forming processes.
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The paper presents a study on the diversity of different fractions of phosphorus in former agricultural (grassland) soils around a stockpile of mineral fertilizers in Tarnawa Wyżna (Bieszczady National Park). The main properties taken into consideration include basic soil analyses and extractions of phosphorus forms (Porg, Plab, P-Al, P-Fe, P-Ca). The total phosphorus content is calculated as the sum of organic and mineral phosphorus. The main aim of the study is to present the content of different forms of phosphorus in the profiles of typical grassland soils in Tarnawa Wyżna as well as to the spatial diversity of these forms in the uppermost soil horizons in relation to the basic properties of the soil. The results indicate that the analyzed soils are characterized by a distribution of phosphorus and its various fractions typical of slightly acidic Cambisols and grassland soils used for agricultural purposes.
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The present paper deals with the park that Husein-Pasha Boljanić played in the development of the town of Plevlja. The town of Plevlja, or Taslija:, as it was called during Ottoman rule, developed from a mediaeval market town. In the course of time, owing to its favourable geographic position, its location on the important Dubrovnik road, later better known as the Istanbul road, the town grew considerably in size. Its urban development occurred in the second half of the ·XVIth century, when it became a bigger settlement with the status of a kasaba. From 1576 onwards, it was the seat of the Herzegovinian Sanjakbey and this remained until as late as 1833, that is, for full 257 years. The town owed a great deal of what it became, and the role it played, to Husein-Pasha Boljanić an Ottoman dignitary originating from these parts. The urban, economic, and cultural development of Plevlja in the second part of the XVIth century is connected with his name. Owing to the high positions he had held, as governor of several Ottoman provinces, in the course of time he amassed a huge fortune and spent part of it building endowments in his native town. The most prominent of his endowments is the mosque in Plevlja, built in 1569/70, which in still well preserved. It is preserved as a part of the cultural heritage and still serves its original purpose. With its harmonious architecture and interior decorations, it is one of the more remarkable monuments of the Ottoman period in Yugoslavia. Its architecture and the harmony of its interior decoration, constitute an impoctant part of the cultural heritage of the Ottoman period in Yugoslavia. Three basic elements are prominent in the design of the mosque. Those are primarily. the base of the main dome, and the two smaller anes over the mihrab wall, and the third element is an interesting system of dames built over the porch. A forty-meter high, stone minaret stands next to the mosque, one of the tallest built, like the mosque itself, in Yugoslavia at that time. The minaret is interesting because, it has been repaired and redecorated several times. It is built of porous stone, and if observed from the side, it seems to be rather unstable, which it actually is not. The well-know Turikish traveller Evli Celebi compared it with the Imperial Mosque.
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In the present paper the author throws more light on the social, political, religious, literary, and cultural aspects af the dervish orders in the Yugoslav lands at the time of Ottoman rule (XIV -XIX century), and especially in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Kosovo, and partly in Serbia. It is well-known that the dervishes participated in the conquest of the Yugoslav lauds by the Turks, in the founding of settlements, the spreading of Islam, and in Islamic oriental culture and literature. By way of illustration the present author discusses the first missionaries: Ayni and ShamsiDede, dervish Khorasani in Bosnia, and Meddah-Baba, who is considered the conqueror of Skopje. It is well-known that there was a coalition of the Ottoman authorities and the Orthodox Sufi orders: Mawlawi, Nakshibendi, Halveti, Khadiri, Rifai, and others, whose institutions were founded mostly by the wealthy ottoman aristocracy, the chief representatives of the Ottoman authorities in these parts, as well as by others, and that they were supported by rich endowments (wakf).
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This work attempts to identify those elements which make up and characterize the institution of modal verbs and thelr equivaJents in the contemporary Arabic language. Modal verbs and their equivalents (M) are lexical means of expression of a segment of modality (verbal modality) and have the function of conveying semantic information on the modal disposition (necessary, possible, desired) of the agent to realize a certain action. The deductive method has been applied in the identification of modal verbs and their equivalents, so that, depending on their function, they are distinguished from other verbs and expressions which introduce complementary clauses (verbs expressing necessity: yanbagi, yagibu, their equivalents cala, la budda and verbs expressing shades in their meaning: yahsunu, yahuqqu, yagduru, yaliqu, yustahsanu, the verb expressing possibility amkana, and verbs expressing shades in its meaning: sumiha, gaza, istataca, the verb expressing intention arada and those expressing shades in its meaning: ragiba, ša'a, ahabba, wadda). Further, by applying the method of distribution an analysis has been made of their syntactic, formal and semantic characteristics, on the understanding that they are characterized by different specificities which together function as a complex of elements the correlation of which provides a basis for drawing conclusion on what forms the institution of M in a given language.
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The paper contains two bilingual poems written in Turkish and Serbo-Croatian alternately. The poems are recorded in two manuscripts (majmuas) kept in the Institute of Oriental Studies in Sarajevo (no. 4273, page 5a and no. 817, page 58b). As is well known, in the course of several centuries, along with literature in Oriental languages, literature in Serbo-Croatian, the native tongue of the region, was written in Arabic script, the so-called alhamiado literature. Also, some local poets, although in smaller numbers, imitated the style of Oriental poets, and wrote poems in two, three, or four languages in one and the same poem (Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Serbo-Croatian), their intention being to prove their poetic gift and erudition. In view, on the one hand, the fact that our knowledge of these language and literary phenomen a is modest, and of the need for a closer study of such texts, on the other, the author has decided to publish both the original version of these two poems (fascimiles and transliterations are given), and a Serbo-Croatian translation of the sentences, or partsentences in Turkish. Both are love poems. The first is entitled "Turku bosnaca" (Love-poem in Bosnian), while the other has no title, the first line serving as title.
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Husein Bračković came originally from Trebinje. He lived and worked in the second half of the XIXth, and the beginning of the XXth century. He was a state-official and worked in various offices from 1857 to 1878. After the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Austrians, he lived in Mostar, where he died. The date of his death is unknown. He wrote the above-mentioned work there in 1895. The manuscript of this work is in Turkisch, and is preserved in the Ghazi Husref-Bey Library in Sarajevo, No. R-1156. The work consists of an introduction, three chapters and an appendix. In his introduction the author explains his reasons for writing this work, then he goes on to give some information about himself, and finally informs the reader about the sources he has used.
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Daniel Reig, AS-SABIL, DICTlONNAIRE ARABE-FRANCAIS - FRANCAIS -ARABE, Collection »Saturne. Librairie Larousse, Paris, 1983. Erich Prokosch: STUDIEN ZUR GRAMMATIK DES OSMANISCH - TÜRKlSCHEN unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Vulgärosmanisch-Türkischen. Klaus Schwarz Verlag, Freiburg, 1980, str. 278. Hasan Kafija Pruščak, IZABRANI SPISI, Uvod, prevod i bilješke: Amir Ljubović i Fehim Nametak. Veselin Masleh, Biblioteka »Kulturno nasljeđe«, Sarajevo 1983, 189 str. A. Elamrani - Jamal, LOGIQUE ARISTOTELICIENNE ET GRAMMAIRE ARABE (etude et documents). Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, „Etudes Musulmanes“, XXVI, Paris, 1983, 237 str. Hazim Sabanović, BOSANSKI PAŠALUK - POSTANAK I UPRAVNA PODJELA, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1982, istr. 272. Valery Stojanov, DIE ENTSTEHUNG UND ENTWICKLUNG DER OSMANISCH-TÜRKISCHEN PALAOGRAPHIE UND DIPLOMATIK MIT EINER BIBLIOGRAPHIE. Klaus Schwarz Verlag Berlin 1983, 329 str. Islamkundliche Untersuchungen Band 76.) Abu'l-qasim Halaf ibn Abbas az-Zahrawi - TRAKTAT O HIRURGII I INSTRUMENTAH - Faksimile rUkopisi, Izdanie teksta, Perevod s arapskogo, predislovie, primečanija i ukazateli Z. M. Bunijatova, Moskva 1983, 284 + 317 str. (faksimlli arapskog teksta manuskripta) Hedda Reindl, MÄNNER UM BAYEZID EINE PROSOPOGRAPHISCHE STUDIE ÜBER DIE EPOCHE SULTAN BAYEZIDS II (1481 -1512). Klaus Schwarz Verlag Berlin 1983, 415 str. (Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, Band 75.)
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New Public Management has been around for a quarter of a century in European public sectors, yet despite the movement’s emphasis on indicators and evidence, there have been surprisingly few encompassing evaluations. In this paper, we provide an overview of academic evaluation and impact studies of entire NPM-style reform programmes. We distinguish between two sets of NPM-style changes and reforms. One is that of specific managerial innovations within public organisations. The other consists of changes to the role of government and citizens as a result of NPM ideas. We conclude that a majority of academic research has focused on the first set of changes, while approaches to the second set has been mainly of a critical nature with relatively limited attention for empirical studies.
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