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Gendered Housework. A Cross-European Analysis. The paper focuses on the factors which influence the sharing of domestic work in European countries. Many previous studies have offered explanations on the individual level, taking into account only individual characteristics when predicting a spouse’s contribution to chores. Using multilevel regression models, we try to combine individual-level and country-level factors in order to draw an explanatory model for the gendered sharing of housework within couples across European societies. The analysis provides support for most of the theories we have tested. The resource theory and the dependency/bargaining hypothesis were confirmed: in a couple, when one of the partners has more resources or a better status, the other spouse uses relatively more hours for the housework. On the other hand, religious and gender values play an important role: the more secular and more oriented towards gender equality a couple is in thinking, the more equally the partners share their housework. However, on average, all over the world, women spend more hours on housework than men do. The country-level indicators seem to be less important, but societies which are more affluent, less materialist societies, post-communist societies, societies where women are more present in public life, and those where Catholicism is not the dominant religion are characterized by a more equalitarian sharing of the housework.
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The economics of social order: contrasting Durkheim and Buchanan. The paper examines the viewpoints of James Buchanan and Emile Durkheim on the question whether the maintenance of social order can be understood as resulting from contractual exchange of rational individuals. It is argued that neither Buchanan’s normative individualism requires considering the maintenance of social order as an outcome of an exchange process, nor Durkheim’s notion of moral integration requires embracing methodological holism. On this basis, the paper proposes an individualist understanding of social order as collective self-sufficiency rather than exchange. The broader implication of this argument is that institutions must be generally viewed as based on variable combinations of self-sufficiency and exchange as alternative mechanisms of gratifying human wants. Sociológia 2007, Vol. 39 (No. 6: 522-534)
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Economic Globalization and the “Power of Place”: Strategic Globalization and Social Dynamics of Localization in Transnational Corporations. This paper aims to deepen and differentiate superficial and all too “smooth” depictions of economic globalization by probing more deeply into social dynamics of conflict and resistance within Transnational Corporations. Conceiving of these as interaction systems, it is shown that (1) the living practice of organizational life is much more obstinate than is commonly assumed and makes use of diverse strategies to enact formal as well as informal resistance, and (2) that these social dynamics are both fuelled by and strengthen what, following Richard Sennett, can be called the “power of place”. Thus, strategic globalization emerges as inextricably intertwined with social dynamics of localization. Sociológia 2007, Vol. 39 (No 6: 483-501)
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A lot of entities: local government, electorate, local government supervisors and creditors are interested in the estimation of community’s financial situation. Because of its complexity, the process of community’s financial condition assessment is rather difficult. In order to make the estimation objective, financial indices are used in practice. In this paper the author makes an attempt to point out the interdependence in indices values to indicate the significance of each ratio for final community’s condition estimation. To achieve this aim, the cluster analysis is used.
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The aim of the study is testing the Warsaw Stock Exchange market efficiency hypothesis through the time anomalies. The study concerns the Warsaw Stock Exchange indexes and is carried out for different market conditions in the years 2003-2009. In view of the fact that the study includes both the upturn - the bull market (Jan. 2003 - Oct. 2007) as well as the downturn - the bear market (Nov. 2007 - Mar. 2009), market research in the study is divided into two sub-performing separate studies. The significance of differences in mean changes were confirmed by applying parametric tests of significance of mean differences (t-Student) as well as nonparametric tests (U Mann - Whitney). The studies demonstrate an occurrence of time anomalies on the Polish capital market. The studies also confirm the existence of market efficiency dependence on the Polish capital market situation. The results of the studies may indicate the Polish stock market inefficiency.
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The aim of this article is to present the issue of financing the counteraction of the results of natural disasters. Spending the means on the public safety, fire and health protection and the promises make it possible to minimize the results of occurring these kinds of phenomena. The means are assigned for the spatial planning, crisis management and the promises for the reconstruction. The author presents the mentioned issues on the example of Lubań county.
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The main aim of the article in question is to present the relationships and connections between the credit risk level of a universal bank and the degree of cooperation with credit bureau. The article consists of two parts. In the first part the author presents the gist of the operation of credit bureau and the dynamics of changes in the consumer liability level of Polish society over the last years. In the second part the author puts forward various possible applications of a credit score method calculated by credit bureau and points out the limitations and difficulties pertaining to the usage of the data coming from the credit bureau database. Moreover, the author presents the subjective assessment of the necessity for the cooperation on the bank-credit bureau level from the perspective of the risk incurred by the bank.
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One of the most important elements of public finance system is public income division between state and local government sectors. Income division as well as income origin and legal forms of those incomes are regulated in legal acts. However, division rules have not been stated in any legal act so far. Those rules should be settled in concrete legal regulations as well as in legislators intentions or scientific assumptions that are not legalized.
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The article presents the role of banks in the contemporary world of intangible money with particular emphasis on electronic payment instruments issued by banks. The special role of banks results from the fact that they have the highest possibility of minimizing the adverse impact of an information asymmetry in comparison with other financial intermediaries. Banks also play a key role in the development of intangible forms of money, both non-cash money and electronic money. The participation in this process, however, should not cause any changes to the fundamental role of banks but it may result in the perception of the bank as an institution largely responsible for the creation and development of new forms of money.
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Split is a technical operation that increases the number of traded shares. The growing interest in the split operation can be seen on the NewConnect market. The aim of this paper is an attempt to determine the relationship between the operation of share split on NewConnect, and its influence on market liquidity of the shares. The first part is devoted to theoretical aspects - the concept of split, legal regulations about split and split procedure. In the second part there is presented the liquidity measures before and after the share split.
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Recent research has demonstrated that there has been little improvement in quality of media coverage of women in Lithuania. Women’s images are usually sexualized, stereotyped or simply negative. In the media portrayals, women are often confined to the private sphere of home. The article focuses on media representations of women in the context of women-and-media policies in EU and Lithuania. Analyzing the EU, UN and Lithuanian communication policy documents and describing briefly the key media and gender issues in EU and Lithuania, it demonstrates the lack of gender-equal media policy and the sluggishness with which the existing media policy with regard to gender issues is enforced in Lithuania. Addressing the pluralism of women’s roles and images in the media, and fair and sufficient media coverage of women, the article also discusses feminist and post-feminist media studies that could offer more complex and sophisticated media research strategies. The article also proposes some recommendations that could change, to some degree, the existing media and gender situation for the better. The author suggests that policy recommendations need a strong network of public, official and private institutions in order to be implemented successfully. Placing considerable importance on eliminating stereotypes of women and on promoting diverse and nonstereotyped images of women in the media, the article uses the term “conflicted hegemony”. “Conflicted hegemony” implies that the media provide a site for conflicts and debates over different interpretations of the dominant culture, and that ideological counter-tendencies always appear in the dominant ideological forms. Policy recommendations, media research techniques and alternative media interpretations by their consumers can serve as resistance strategies to this hegemony.
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In diesem Beitrag wird das Problem näher untersucht, wie der Fortschritt von Einsetzung der Strategien zur Geschlechtergleichheit im Berufsbildungssystem der europäischen Länder zu evaluieren sei, damit das im breiten Sinne angemessene technologische System herausgearbeitet wäre, das zugleich den spezifischen und den allgemeineuropäischen Besonderheiten entspreche. Diese Forschung setzt sich zum Ziel, die Wirksamkeit von Strategien zur Geschlechtergleichheit in Systemen der Berufs- und Hochschulbildung (nicht-universitärer Ausbildung) von verschiedenen Typen in sieben europäischen Ländern (sechs davon sind die EU-Mitgliedstaaten und ein Beitrittsland) zu evaluieren, wobei das breite virtuelle Netz geschaffen wird und die Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) zur Hilfe gezogen werden. Als wichtigstes Kriterium beim Erreichen dieses Zieles erweist sich die Sicherung der gleichberechtigten und demokratischen Identität Europas.
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Gender mainstreaming aims to enable the state to deliver gender-sensitive policy instruments and transform gender relations. It is a widely adapted approach that was developed in transnational networks of women activists, but goes beyond women’s policy machinery. Mainstreaming suggests that equal opportunities for women and men should no longer be achieved solely through traditional equal opportunities policies. The article analyses the historical development of gender mainstreaming approach, the promises and pitfalls of the transformative policy. The second part of the study analyses main ideological, institutional, political and legal obstacles to the implementation of gender mainstreaming in different national contexts, including Lithuania.
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The main goal of the article is to analyze public attitudes towards gender equality and issues of normative and empirical equality in Lithuania. Following theoretical assumptions, it is aimed at examining of what kind of attitudes people have impact towards gender equality, how sociodemographic characteristics, particularly gender, differentiate them and what kind of factors may explain these differencies. The analysis is based on the empirical data collected in the framework of the sociological research EU Enlargement and Its Commitment to Women carried out by the Department of Sociology, Vytautas Magnus University in 2004. The authors discuss different aspects of gender equality in public opinion, as well as recommendations regarding the improvement of gender policy that are interesting and valuable from the practical, as well as theoretical points of view. What kind of theoretical models and measurements can help to avoid the most frequently made mistakes when analyzing public opinion on the issues of gender equality and policy recommendations? How important is the research on the assessment of gender equality from the methodological point of view? The authors aim at answering the questions by examining the factors that foster or weaken traditional and liberal attitudes towards gender relations on individual and structural levels and shape gender policy recommendations.
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The article examines hegemonic and subordinated forms of masculinity in contemporary Lithuania. Using the opinion survey „The Crisis of Male Roles in Lithuania” (2002) and a wide array of literature theorizing men and masculinities, it attempts to answer the following questions: how can we assess the influence of different masculinities to men themselves and gender policies in Lithuania? What kind of masculinity policy can support a feminist project of social transformation? The survey „The Crisis of Male Roles in Lithuania” allows us to conclude that both Lithuanian men and women largely support traditional norms of hegemonic masculinity. This masculinity is based on heterosexuality, economic autonomy, being able to provide for one’s family, being rational, being successful, keeping one’s emotions in check and not doing anything considered feminine. ... The author argues that the dominance of a single model of masculinity at the expense of multiple masculinities makes men more vulnerable to acts of violence against themselves and their families. The article advocates self-awareness and critical reflection about gender identities among men and male groups that could help dismantle hegemonic masculinity and dispel the notion that there is only one way to be a ‘real man’. Promoting models of masculinity along less sexist, homophobic and misogynist lines could benefit both women and men.
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