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Грамадска-аналітычны часопіс №1(12) 2002
review of: Socio-analytical magazine "Адкрытае грамадства" Nr.1, vol.12, 2002
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The aim of this paper is to describe the changes in the warfare that occurred in the 17th century and to outline their social and political implications. During early modern period in Europe, and specially during Thirty Years’ War, several European countries have shifted away from professional, mercenary-based formations and begun creating standing armies, conscripted from the local population. This resulted in changing of the social perception of warfare, and had great impact on the culture of the entire continent. The figure of a mercenary a professional soldier, who was perceived as a type of craftsman deeply attached to his personal honour, became obsolete, pushing it into the area of marginal identities of contemporary and future society. The paper follows the case studies of mercenaries who served in the middle of the 17th century, both actual and fictional, and presents their lives in typical context of early modern warfare. It also explain possible reasons behind the switch to conscripted standing armies, which were the predecessors of current national armies and have direct impact in creating modern societies.
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The paper is an attempt to reread the history of Volyn balagulas. In Polish tradition these groups of young gentry decadents flirting with peasants culture are the symbol of lost generation. I would like to remind the forgotten discussion held by 19th century conservative writers who described balagulas movement as the threat to Polish identity.
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Gustaw Manteuffel (1832–1916) was Polish-Livonian historiographer whose writing activity focused on the idea of reconstructing the forgotten land called Polish Livonia. In his many texts elaborating almost exclusively on Livonian issues, one can find as well many borderland categories. Livonia he lived in and wrote about was a highly diversified land, both ethnically, linguistically, and religiously. This article, dealing with borderland issues considered in Gustaw Manteuffel’s works, represents the new subdiscipline of contemporary academic studies on the heritage of the Polish-Lithuanian state called Livonian studies.
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The main question discussed in the article is: why was it the Lithuanian emigration environment in USA that found Miłosz’s poetry a testimony of the era (de facto – their own experience) during the first decade after the WWII. To answer the question mainly two publications are interpreted: the first one is Miłosz’s poetry volume translated into Lithuanian, entitled Epochos sąmoningumo poezija (Poetry of the Era’s Self-Awareness) with introduction (by Miłosz) and afterword (by a poet Alfonsas Nyka-Niliūnas); the second one is a Lithuanian literary magazine „Literatūros lankai” („Literary sheets”) where Czesław Miłosz published, and where some interpretations of Miłosz’s works, written by Lithuanian writers and philosophers, were published as well.
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The word „pogranicze” (in rough translation: borderland) gets more and more popular in Polish humanities as the equivalent of untranslatable and inconvenient „Kresy”, the first being free of polonocentric, colonial conotations of the latter. The article: presents the logic of a map as fundamental to the notion „pogranicze”, discusses its discoursive consequences and points to the need of deconstructive, subversive uses of the term.
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The author of the review describes Mindaugas Kvietkauskas’ Literature’s polyphony in Vilnius in early stage of modernism in years 1904–1915 paying particular attention to the original and innovative form of interpretation of cross-cultural relationships shaping the multilingual literature of Vilnius at the beginning of the 20th century. Kvietkauskas reaches for texts written in five languages (Lithuanian, Polish, Yiddish, Belarussian and Russian) and argues with the existing approaches by exposing the ethnical individuality of each national literature and undermines the picture of Vilnius at the beginning of the 20th century as being centred around polishness only.
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