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Commuting, an outstandingly important phenomenon of modern labour market and spatial flow research, is surveyed only at population censuses. The present paper reviews the process of increasing spatial separation between the residence and the working place in the period of 1960–2011. After giving and overview about the problems in interpretation of data on commuting, the paper details underlying general and periodically changing reasons, taking a standpoint for a modernization trend, which represents the expansion of labour division and slackening of the majority of settlements’ labour markets. Impacts of the transitions after 1990 on the size of commuting are analyzed in detail. It is shown why the opinion is incorrect that labour market pinch after the change of the regime concerned commuters most. The coherence between the growth of commuting volume and the level of employment, just like the high regional differences are also shown for the period after the turn of the millennium. Finally, the analysis of data of 2011 describes the main reasons for differences in commuting pattern, factors of partial shifts in commuting destinations, among others also the rapid growth in migration abroad after accession to the Schengen Treaty.
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In Hungary mostly possibilities of international migration will be able to slow down the decrease of population within reasonable time. In the case of Hungary, however, not only domestic demand is decisive, but also the general state of the population, that considers themselves as Hungarian while being the citizen of one of the neighbouring countries. The present article focuses on describing the foreign citizens by their spatial characteristics and the changes over time, differences regarding the Hungarian resident population from demographic, labour market and educational attainment level aspect based on the population censuses of 2001 and 2011.
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The current research puts the issue of functional urban regions (or districts) into the focus delimited by the commuting network of employees. The local labour system (LLS) provided a specific dimension of this complex approach however it is one of the most adequate possibilities to delineate these areas of commuting. The delimitation process consisted of two steps with the separation of employment centres and with the assignment of settlements to these cores. The alteration of the LLS pattern was also analysed as the investigation was carried out by the census data from 2001 and 2011. The results provided a comprehensive overview about the process of territorial concentration and the instability of peripheral areas. Significant regional disparities of commuting came to light as the consequence of the body of settlement network. The territorial division of the country provided by LLS pattern is fitting to the new and integrated European approach of cities and their hinterlands but it is not alternative against other administrative or statistical divisions of Hungary. However this territorial point of view is in closer relation to the issues of analysing the local labour market processes or the developments targeting the increase in employment.
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The present paper details the change in the composition of nationalities in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county on the basis of latest population censuses. The authors give a short historical background that formed the present composition of nationalities of the county. It was a must to mention problems of data registrations, as in Hungary declaration of nationality belonging is voluntary. Roma population of the county has been devoted a separate, detailed section. In Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county Romas represent the highest proportion within the county just like within the country. Population census data of 2001 and 2011 show significant difference in regard to their number, which is partly due to the high number of natural increase, and to their attitude in the population censuses. The change in Roma population number was examined at micro-regional and settlement level, and comparison has been made to other surveys based on estimation.
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The current paper studies the changes in the ethnic structure of post-socialist Hungary. Based on the data of the census 2011, it turned out, contrary to the expectations, that the number of the non-Hungarian population significantly increased between 2001 and 2011 and so did the population that declared no ethnicity or refused to answer. Behind this phenomenon one can identify several reasons of which the methodological changes and the role of migration and of subjective factors should be highlighted. As for the methodology, double/multiple identification in three/four ethnic categories was allowed in the last two censuses, which resulted in the growing number of respondents who declare both Hungarian and minority ethnicity. Meanwhile, the arrival of mainly economic migrants from Romania, Ukraine and Serbia has changed the ethnic landscape, particularly in the Central Region. A new transnational form of migration, observed at the Hungarian–Slovakian and Hungarian–Romanian border zones, is the cross-border suburbanization. Since the above-mentioned factors do not explain all the changes, the role of the subjective factors should be researched, too. The present paper reveals that the self-identification of some of the minorities is related to symbolic ethnicity, thus the results of the census cannot be interpreted in the frame of the assimilation discourse.
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In this study, to estimate the costs of information activities for buyers on real estate markets the TDABC method was used. The application of this method enables the measurement of the differences resulting from different variants of the course of action in the process of acquiring rights to the property, expressed by means of time and cost. In order to visualise the information activities of buyers, an algorithm in the form of a flowchart was used. The algorithm includes the characteristics of variables (so-called medium activities) and the descriptions of basic information activities carried out by the buyer. The descriptions of the activities were expanded to include variables which have a direct impact on the time of their implementation, as well as the average time of their implementation, the values of which were estimated on the basis of experimental studies and surveys.An important element of this study is to formulate an equation of time for any process resulting from ongoing activities leading to the acquisition of rights to the property.
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Filep Bálint: A nagyvárosok az európai és a magyar területi politikában. Publikon Kiadó, Pécs–Győr, 2014
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The adoption of a zoning plan or any change to it may result in an increase or a decrease in the value of real estate. In the case of increased property values, the Law on Spatial Planning and Development provides for a possibility for zoning fees to be determined by municipalities. The research thesis of the article is the statement that planning fees are not fully enforced due to property owners appealing against the decisions on establishing the fees. This paper aims to analyse the scope of the adopted local zoning plans in Cracow as well as zoning fees, charged relative to the increase in real estate value.
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The main objective of the European cohesion policy is the convergence of the Member States, enabling civilization advancement of less developed regions. In the implementation of this kind of policy the rational use of land plays an important role. The National Spatial Development Concept 2030 assumes that the determinant of the living conditions of citizens and the local and regional development is to restore and preserve the spatial order. An interesting example enabling the realisation of such a goal is to determine the functional area at the junction of three cities: Chorzów, Ruda Śląska and Świętochłowice. This area is characterised by a similar industrial history, analogous internal (e.g. social) and external (e.g. transport) conditions, which supports the idea of undertaking joint ventures related to the rational use of land.
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The paper attempts to describe the issues related to the phenomenon of social housing in Poland. The projects launched in the years 2007 -2013 by Cracow Municipality have been used to illustrate that problem. In the studied period, the housing resources of Cracow Municipality were constantly shrinking. It should be said that the technical condition of those resources was also deteriorating. The paper highlights the objectives set for the management of the housing stock of Cracow Municipality as stipulated by the Great Financial Forecast for Cracow Municipality till 2033,which was set to fend off the negative tendencies which emerged within that period.
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Most transactions on the secondary real estate market, in the segment of residential premises, are premises in prefabricated panel housing. This type of residential development is the heritage of the architectural accomplishments of the post-war period, continued until the 1990s. It is estimated that premises of this type constitute approx. 30% of all residential resources in Poland and therefore are an important component of the local real estate market. The article presents an analysis of the real estate market in the segment of residential premises in prefabricated panel housing in the area of Olsztyn in comparison with general trends on the local real estate market. The analysis refers to the two largest housing estates – Jaroty and Pojezierze. The study covers the period of 2005–2014.
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Broadly understood market efficiency is defined in various ways. A market which is efficient from the point of view of allocation offers a possibility to raise capital to those participants who guarantee the highest rate of return on the investments made. A market which is efficient from the transactional point of view offers fast access to it and low cost of transactions. On a market efficient in the informational sense, the prices of assets fully reflect available information on them. The real estate private investment market is imperfect,inflexible, unorganized and inefficient. To make the real estate market attractive to investors, on developed financial markets legislators allow the functioning of specialist funds of REIT type. They are an example of advisedly applied economic policy which, for example, provides for the reduction of tax burdens upon the fulfillment of specific requirements to meet an economically significant function.When observing the Spanish real estate market in crisis, we can notice changes in respect of information efficiency of indirect investment market, arising from the introduction of SOCIMI funds to the capital market. A qualitative analysis of this programme enables the verification of the research hypothesis that the introduction of REIT type funds to the capital market improves the effectiveness of this market. An additional premise to write this article is to start a discussion on the possibility to implement analogous solutions in Poland, with the expectation of positive effects of their introduction.
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This article focuses on a discussion on the selected aspects of a land developer’s activities. The purpose is the presentation and an analysis of key factors influencing the success of land development projects. The initial part of the article is the presentation of a model of the development process structure - the type of land development. After the presentation of the structure of tasks occurring in the transformation of this type, the author concentrates on discussing the fundamental factors affecting the success in implementing such projects. Due to the fact that the author has been professionally engaged in executing such projects for 15 years, he based his deliberations on 16 operations of land development type which were carried out successfully.
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