Думи за откриване от проф. д.и.н. Илия Тодев, директор на Института за исторически изследвания
Introductory speech at the opening of Anniversary conference dedicated to prof. Miletitch
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Introductory speech at the opening of Anniversary conference dedicated to prof. Miletitch
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The article traces the policy for preparation of engineering and business professionals in Bulgaria in the second half of the 1940s and in the 1950s in connection with the needs of economic recovery and structural reforms as well as the beginning of the accelerated industrialization of the country. For this purpose, the number of students admitted in higher engineering and agricultural and economic institutes increased extensively. These processes took place under severe political struggle, which, together with the immediate and long-term economic objectives laid down the policy of the Communist Party for the preparation of engineering and business professionals. This policy had special features such as: criteria for selection of students - initially it was political loyalty, subsequently - the worker-peasant origin; establishment of specialized technical institutes; introduction of ideological disciplines; studying the Russian language; increasing the number of young teachers while maintaining some of the old; establishment of new forms and units for training of senior staff - part time and evening courses, workers departments, higher party school, sending people to study in the USSR; manufacturing practice. However, senior staff selected and trained in this way in the 1940s and 1950s sought to realize their new status of technical intelligentsia, not the workers university graduates for immediate production, as was the purpose of the ruling Communist Party in organization of higher technical education.
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In the decade after the establishment of the first Palestinian quasi-state entity – Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Bulgarian diplomacy significantly but not radically changed its positions on the Palestinian issue. In the early 1970s Sofia carried out official contacts with the organization due to increased authority of the organization and personally of its leader Yasser Arafat in the Palestinian resistance movement and in the Middle East as a whole. Expanding the relationship should be seen as an attempt to balance the loss of Egypt for the anti-Western Middle Eastern front and as a decision coordinated with the local Communist parties. In the context of the changed Soviet position, the PRB recognized the identity of the Palestinian Arab people in the early 1970s, which was a tactical move, taken in the context of the global confrontation and “under the pressure of circumstances” and not a manifestation of a principled position, as decade previously there was no such recognition from the Soviet bloc. The decision, combined with the subsequent expanding dialogue with PLO made Bulgarian diplomacy take the official decision to stand for the sovereign rights of this people of its own state. Moving was slow and cautious because the destruction of convenient Middle East standstill did not guarantee the achievement of the objectives of the Soviet bloc in the region.
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The main purpose of the research is to highlight some aspects of the science and technology policy of the state in Bulgaria under the State Socialism. The focus of the study is put on the analysis of three main aspects of the science policy in Bulgaria: the formulation of the science and technology strategy, the establishment of the organizational and institutional framework of the Innovation process by a various political activities undertaken by the state government and the general impact of the science, technology and innovation development on the social economic condition of the country. Following the Soviet experience in the organization and planning of the scientific development in most of the East European countries including Bulgaria, there were established public institutions for planning and management of the R&D process in order to strengthen the close relationship between scientific and technological developments and their implementation in the industrial production. There are four types of organizational structures that play a key role in the innovation process that can be distinguished in the Bulgarian economic system. These are the production companies, sectorial ministries, research and development institutes and other government agencies. At the same time we can outline two types of organizational relationships between these entities and they are, on a vertical, and a horizontal level. The main institutions covering those four types of structures, running the organization and management of the innovation process in Bulgaria are The State Committee For Science and Technical Progress, Bulgarian Academy of Science, The State Planning Committee and the Institute of Inventions and Innovations.To these, we must add and some public organizations with corporate image that also play an important role in the implementation of the scientific and technological results – The Scientific and Technical Unions and the Union of Scientists, the Trade unions, under whose auspices are organized so called „socialist brigades for technical progress“; The “Komsomol” organization that became the basis for the creation of „movement for scientific and technical creativity of youth“ – TNTM. “Due to the scientific and technological policy at the end of 80s in Bulgaria had been established large scale for the country size, production base, providing significant production in high-tech activities mainly for export to the economic zone of the CMEA. This base was mainly concentrated in major economic associations specialized in computing, electronics and microelectronics, chemical industry, military industry, as well as in the experimental production of some universities and institutional R&D units as well as the research institutes of the Bulgarian Academy of Science. The research has been carried out almost entirely on the basis of unpublished documents from the archive of Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party, the archive from the Council of Ministers, the documentation of the State Committee for Science and Technical Progress as well as the archives of COMECON.
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After so many years of stagnation, when November 10, 1989 came at last, surprised we asked ourselves: democracy in our country too? What happened to Bulgarians? From its very first days countless rallies, marches, happenings, festivals, live chains came one after another.More or less organized, they became an integral part of our contemporary history. Outside the«core» on duty with its trained voices, coordinated responses and too poor and easily recognizable repertoire, from the first rallies Bulgarians started to come neither on special invitation nor for marking presence. They believed that they had not been sought after like figures that would cover the square and on this basis would make the sum for sociological surveys and media coverage - three people per square meter; they believed that someone wanted to tell them something new and to hear their opinion. They went to see the new faces (or the “new”old ones) and to give them their trust or distrust. “Small” person ceased to feel “small” and felt as the creator of their history. Precisely the rallies and processions became part of this story,or at least its visible part... The way of communication between people and between them and the leaders became the slogan. Slogans, banners, chants and cheers created a kind of coordinate system. It gradually cleared; new formulations tailored to the requirements of the day were added, others dropped out. One or other call was formulated because of the need to join a community that complies with your "self". That is why slogans are a kind of identification. When one finds “their” community, one gets a sense of protection, so the slogans were like “tranquilizers”.
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Ilinden Uprising of 1903 was a test for Bulgarian Exarchist local authorities in Macedonia,for their maturity and ability to survive in extreme conditions. Not that the situation before the uprising was mild and stimulating the development of Christians in the empire, but the revolutionary events of the summer of 1903 mobilized authorities to focus their efforts to “tame” with cruelty the restive Bulgarians and prevent the consolidation of the largest nationality in the region – the Bulgarian one. Despite the blow that they suffered, the municipalities managed to recover and strengthen the distraught municipal network in the provinces, so that they continue to successfully fulfill their church school and social functions. This article traces the ways in which the Exarchist local institutions fitted into the post Ilinden atmosphere and the attitude of the Ottoman authorities towards them. Despite all the difficulties and obstacles encountered, they continued to assert their rights and privileges with patience and diplomacy. The article discusses the changes that occurred under the constitutional parliamentary regime. Albeit with no official sanction from the authority the Exarchate expanded its office and continued to work hard on the organization of the exarchist network defending its reputation as an institution, and the overall ethnical case in Macedonia and Odrin region.
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The author defends very emotionally but on the basis of documentary material and scientific studies on the subject, the following thesis: “As far as the Balkan War caused a real explosion of incomparable nationwide euphoria of unprecedented and never heard of rapture and enthusiasm, which united all Bulgarians... in the name of the Patriotic cause, we have reason to assign it place of central importance among the wars for national unification, which Bulgaria led after the Liberation.” According to the author the bayonet attacks of the Bulgarian infantry undoubtedly played a central role in the fighting during the war.It is on those bayonet attacks that the research is focused. It traces the historical events and outlines the moral psychological effect of the bravery of the Bulgarian troops on the enemy.
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After World War II, with its sports achievements Bulgaria ranked among the most powerful countries. Its success in the field of high performance sport impressed the world to such an extent that it started talking about Bulgarian schools in wrestling, weightlifting, rhythmic gymnastics and rowing. The records of Stefka Kostadinova in the high jump and of Yordanka Donkova in the 100 meters hurdles remain unsurpassed to this day. Bulgaria was awarded prizes in a number of other sports disciplines. Factors for the brilliant development were the support (financial and material) from the state leadership, the coaching approach and the competitive spirit of athletes represented in the survey.
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