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оглед за егзилот, пишувањето, жената и „чистото“ низ дневникот и камерата на една поетеса – номад
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The emperor Leopold I requested Zagreb bishop Petar Petretić (1648-1667) to write a report of Greek Catholic Marča diocese. Petretić wrote the report in 1662 and described work of previous Marča bishops. He also gave an opinion about future candidates for a new Marča bishop. Petretić warned that the union of orthodox population of Military border with the catholic church was not successful and responsible for such situation were Marča bishops Maksim and Gabrijel Predojević and Sava Stanislavić. They accepted the religious union only generally and in fact they remained orthodox and protected orthodox population and considered orthodox Peć patriarchate as their religious leadership. Petretić accused Marča bishops for instigating rebellion of Military bordermen against Croatian nobility and Zagreb bishop. Military bordermen in the area of Varaždin general command lived on the land previously owned by Croatian nobility and Zagreb diocese. The conflict arose when previous owners demanded from bordermen tax for the use of their land. In his report Petretić warned that actions of Marča bishops caused the spread of orthodox religion in the Military border region. Connections between the orthodox clergy from Military border with Peć patriarchate was seen as a symbol of disloyalty toward the Austrian emperor and as a threat to the national security because orthodox clergy with its ties with Peć was also able to serve as spies of the Ottoman empire. Petretić thought that new bishop of MarËa must be a real Eastern-Rite clergyman, raised in Catholic schools. Such person would be able to break all ties with Peć patriarchate. Military border orthodox clergy would be forced to loyalty toward the Catholic Church and the emperor. This would finally result in a effective union of orthodox Military border population with the Catholic church. Vienna did not accept Petretić’s proposal because it feared that orthodox bordermen would rebel against it. It was usual for bordermen to choose Marča bishop on their own and to propose their candidate to the emperor. Contrarery to the Petretić proposals Marča deacon Gabrijel Mijakić remained the bishop. He was supported by the bodermen and he promised to accept the religious union. Although Petretić's proposals were not accepted, they were later partially put into force. Mijakić was arrested because he refused to accept the religious union. He was replaced by Pavle Zorčić, who was a real Eastern-Rite clergyman educated in the Illirian collegiate body in Bologna.
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Turbulent history of Syrmia was marked with numerous wars and changes of rule over that province. There are also small historical episodes connected with Syrmia, but their consequences are sometimes quite important. One of such episodes was selling of Syrmia to Livio Odescalchi. After the great war of liberation from Ottoman rule, Odescalchi used the great indeptness of emperor Leopold and in 1697 he bought famous Syrmia duchy. Croatian nobility in the Croatian Diet was also interested to take control over liberated areas and also over Syrmia. Syrmia bishop Franjo Jary also attempted to re-establish his diocese and it was only natural that he showed great interest for rich Syrmia region. Result of such conflicting interests was struggle to gain control over Syrmia but without greater changes in final results. Nevertheless such develoments later opened various possibilities for Syrmia and as a result selling of this area to Odescalchi had various positive consequences.
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The article researches the origins of manuscript known as Novigrad collection of Croatian common law. It can be concluded that the manuscript was written in 1452, and was supplemented in 1454. It is possible that Venetian authorities also gave consent to that document during that same year. It is obvious that this document was written by a social group who wanted to uphold and protect its own particular interests. Accordingly all similar documents of common law must be understood in the same way. Its legal and historical elements must be supplemented with the understanding of social circumstances in which these collections of common law were written.
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Proučavajući zadarski trgovački milje, naiπla sam na dva inventara iz oprečnih razdoblja. Prvi je napisan tijekom opsade Zadra 1346. godine, a drugi koncem XIV. st., kada grad doživljava najveći gospodarski razvitak. Inventar Fumice Salvagnele svjedoči nam o privrednom životu za vrijeme liberalne mletačke vlade, a inventar Damijana Martina de Treschiano, iz 1380. godine, povezan je uz ekonomski rast komune. Iako iz različitih razdoblja, oba inventara dobar su primjer za ilustraciju proizvodnje i ulaganja u najunosniju ondaπnju privrednu granu, suknarstvo, a sporadično i za trgovinu mirodija. S druge strane, kroz ta vrela dopire se do privatnih života trgovaca, u kojima se ističe njihovo bogatstvo, njihova sredstva za poslovanje i njihova pismenost. U Damijanovu inventaru zabilježen je jedan abak i vrlo zanimljiv spomen Biblije na glagoljici. Posjedovanje kulturnih predmeta i knjiga, uz nabrojane poslovne alate, svjedoči o stupnju njihove naobrazbe. Osobito je zanimljivo postojanje jedne žene kao aktivne sudionice u privrednom životu, i to sa stručno označenom titulom, “merçaria”. Uz analizu dvaju inventara priložen je njihov prijepis te trojezični rječnik.
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Dubrovački pjesnik Benedikt Rogačić (Benedictus Rogaccius, 1646.-1718.) pisao je većinom teološka i moralistička djela na latinskom i talijanskom jeziku. Jedno je od njegovih djela didaktički spjev Euthymia u kojemu je tema prikaz različitih načina na koje se može postići duševni mir. Kako bi što življe oslikao svoje izlaganje o odvažnosti duha, autor u peto pjevanje toga epa umeće digresiju u kojoj prikazuje pobjedu krπšana nad Turcima kod Beča 1683. godine. U članku se razmatra i analizira povijesna motivacija digresije, njezina funkcija i uklopljenost u cjelinu spjeva, te njezina unutrašnja struktura kao književnog teksta. Cijela je digresija dana u prijevodu, usporedno s latinskim tekstom, i popraćena bilješkama.
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General expansion of France during late 18th century led to vast changes in Europe that also influenced Dubrovnik Republic. France offered its revolutionary ideas reinforced through territorial expansion. Such situation led small states to a difficult situation in which they could not remain independent. England initiated various coalitions against its arch enemy France. From 1797 to 1815 Adriatic also became a war territory. Control of its eastern coast was important for France in its attempt to separate the Europe from England. Such development of events led to the destruction of Dubrovnik’s independence. Its neutrality did not suit France nor its enemies. English naval blockade of Europe completely destructed Dubrovnik’s merchant fleet and its economy. French representatives showed disrespect for Dubrovnik’s neutral policy and restraint toward French revolution. Dubrovnik could not count on strong armed forces so it always had an active diplomacy and good information gathering structure. This article presents Dubrovnik’s diplomatic activities immediately before it lost its independence.
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The article analyses registers of birth, marriages and deaths of Murter parish in the period from 1718 to 1815. Basic information on content and form of registers, as well as basic demographic data (annual and seasonal rate of born and baptized, married and dead, average age of men and women at the time of their wedding, age structure of those who died) are given. Information on given and family names is also presented and these data are important to discover connections of Murter population with other villages and towns. Registers also show the social differences among Murter population. Wealthier families obviously developed contats with nobility and merchants, because members of these families can be traced in registers as godfathers and witnesses. Members of more influential and wealthier Murter families often took part in the local administration (dux, sergente, capitanio, serdar) and clergy. The important feature of Murter population is continuity of traditional families. In the period of almost one century only three or four new families temporary appeared in Murter. Extinction of male members of the family was usually resolved through marriage and husband took his wife’s family name. Husbands from matrilineal marriages usually came from other Murter families and rarely from other villages. This article gives general information on demographical and statistic developments of the Murter population during 18th and early 19th century, but further research will surly give new important discoveries.
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Family Kamenarović from Dobrota was in the past, and especially during the 18th century, one of the leading seamen and merchant families from Boka. In the period of the successful development of Boka Kotorska seamanship, ships owned by Kamenarović family sailed to all important Adriatic and Mediterranean ports. Venetia was one of the most important and most often visited destinations. Kamenarović family did not belong to a permanent Croatian community in Venetia. Still during their visits to Venice members of Kamenarović family, as well as their fellow-citizens from Ivanović Radimiri and Tripković families, gave great support to the Croatian community in Venice and to the Croatian confraternity of St George and Tripun. Using the existing historical literature and the archival documents of the St George and Tripun confraternity (register books of income and expenses, book of reports of the annual contraternity conferences) the articles presents the involvment of the Kamenarović family in the membership and leadership of the Contraternity. It can be seen how member of this family hold the most important positions in the Confraternity and its boards and councils. Special attention is paid to the position of the head of the Confraternity. One of those who was appointed to that position was captain Pavao Jurjev. During 18th century he was a man of considerable fortune. He supported religious institutions in native Dobrota and was active as a member and patron of the Croatian community and its Confraternity in Venice. Documents of the St George and Tripun confraternity can also be used to research other influential families from Dobrota. This would give an important insight in history of Boka Kotorska Croats.
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The article gives an insight into the activites of the Croatian-Slavonian economic society from its creation in 1841 to the spring of 1848. and it also explains the events and developments during the period of the Croatian revival movement. This period of Croatian history was researched mostly from the perspective of political, cultural and lingustic events and developments and much less attention was given to the activities of the Croatian-Slavonian economic society. Using the press from that period as a primary source, the author presents all facts connected with the creation and activites of the mentioned Society. Data are given about the initiative to found the Society, its intended goals, beginning of the publishing of its magazine, creation and activities of its subsidiaries. Society’s attempts and achieved goals in the matters of economy, science and culture are also presented. The introductory part of the article gives a short summary on social and economical circumstances immediatelly before the foundaton of the Society. Although the Society was founded on the initiative of the elite part of the society and with the approval of the authorities, it became a real institution of enlightenment, typical for the revival period. Its primary goal was improvement of the agricultural production by means of modern techiques. This attempt met many obstacles in the late feudal period. The author tried to give biographical data about persons who gave the most important contribution to the foundation and activities of the Society. These persons were true visionaries and ethusiasts. This can be seen in the activities of the Society’s subsidiaries because many of them stopped working shortly after their creation. The reason was a crucial lack of agile leadership. The article also presents the activities of the society and its most important initiatives – publishing acitivites, practical application of new techiques in wine business and forestry as well as Society’s scientific and cultural activities.
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In this article authors analyse social structure which influenced and determined urban and architectural development of 13th-century Trogir. Types of properties in both civitas and burgus has been defined and described, especially those related to Trogir’s noble family clans. The results of this analysis are based on data from all relevant 13th-century documents, converted into computer database. The methodology has also been introduced.
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Contemporary highly developed economies are characterized by two universal trends. On the one hand one can easily notice that the meaning of the service sector increases both in the value added creation and in employment. On the other hand the importance of knowledge in economy is still rising too. The aim of the study is to identify main types of economies based on knowledge and services as well as to recognize the difference between these particular groups. Implementation of the research was conducted in two stages. The first stage involved the characterization of the nature of changes taking place in today’s highly developed economies. Then, an attempt was made to assess the severity of the construction Economies Based on Knowledge and Services across EU countries. The evaluation was performed using the following indicators: The Knowledge Economy Index (KEI), The Knowledge Index (KI), the share of services in value added and the share employed in services in the total number of employees. The obtained results enabled specifying five different groups of economies based on knowledge and services. Poland, together with Romania and Bulgaria, is in the group of least advanced countries in the transition to Economies Based on Knowledge and Services. This is a serious problem, because today’s economic development requires increased knowledge and innovation. Their diffusion in all sectors of the economy implies a socio-economic structural change and creates new opportunities to accelerate economic development. Without these processes more dynamic economy will not be able to achieve a sustainable increase in competitiveness, which is essential for achieving success in business competition.
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Nowadays the world is struggling with many problems, among them the most important are: the emission of greenhouse gases and the climate changes. The solution which limits the negative interaction of the energy sector on natural environment and climate is the development of renewable sources of energy. The issues connected with using on a larger scale renewable energy sources for the energy production, is selected in local, national and international strategies (The European Union) or in the international documents (the protocol from Kioto). The significant advantage of renewable energy is that it is not based on forecasts of availability of fuel in the future but its character limits the energy dependence of each society. At present one of the most dynamic sectors of renewable energy is wind energy. The wind power stations belong to emission-free sources which produce electricity (pure), but using them reduce the negative interaction of energy sector on the natural environment. Today Asia, America and Europe are the most interested in wind energy. Until recently Europe was a leader of wind energy. Its part in range of newly installed power stations in 2004 was 75% but in 2005 only 25%. Nowadays China takes the main position in wind energy sector. In Europe case we can find big disparities in the development levels between countries because of geographic location and type of climate. Germany is the leader in wind energy in the UE. Poland takes the main place in comparison with new member states but in the UE-27 its position is not very high (closer to the average level). Nowadays the wind energy provides about 2% of global energy consumption and it is considered as a world leader of “green” technologies. New jobs are created in this sector. Over 1 million people should be hired in the world by the Worldwide Wind Energy Association WWEA in the end of 2012.. The main aim of this article is an attempt to analyze the current state and prospects of development of wind energy in the world. Individual parts of this article show the meaning of renewable energy nowadays. Also the development of wind energy in the European Union has been presented. The style of this work is theoretical and empirical. The theoretical material connected with the subject has been used. In empirical part we can find the analysis of individual public statistics which are characteristic for selected issues.
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The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of one of the most important elements of the economic system, i.e. banking sector, on the real economy in India and to determine how and to what extent it affects economic development. The analysis was conducted using information on the Indian banking sector from different sources (mainly from the Indian Central Bank). Large part of the analysis was based on the interpretation of the selected statistical data. In the first part of the text, the theoretical concepts concerning the relationships between the activities of banks and real economy are discussed. The four primary functions of banks are: increasing the efficiency of resource allocation (through risk assessment of investment projects), mobilization of savings (enabling clients to deposit money leads to increased savings rate), limiting liquidity and credit risks and reducing transaction costs (in real and financial segments of economy; in financial system it is associated with banks using economies of scale). In the next part of the article, the history and current situation of the sector in India are presented. Due to a strict state control policy, imposed in India for a few decades, the role of private and foreign banks is insignificant and the sector is dominated by state (public) banks whose efficiency is lower. Despite the liberalization of the banking sector which has been carried out since the beginning of the 1990s, the extent of state control is still wide and its primary element is directed lending limits including providing loans to certain priority sectors such as agriculture, small and medium-sized enterprises, retail trade and in the form of mortgage loans. The limits are high and are currently set at 40% for domestic banks and 32% for foreign banks. Such requirements pose a significant problem for banks because this type of credit portfolio is of low quality and a large proportion is eventually classified as non-performing loans. The banking sector as a whole is poorly developed compared to richer countries, both in terms of size (measured as a value of deposits and loans in relation to GDP) and availability and quality of offered services (low activity of banks in the populous rural or semi-rural areas, low number of ATMs and payment cards). Another symptom of banking sector backwardness is the low level of credits in relation to deposits, not only much lower than in highly developed countries, but also than in other countries of the BRIC group (to which India belongs). Indian banks provide loans mainly to companies in the industrial (45% of the total value) and services sector (about 24%). Given the key India development barriers, a positive aspect is the high proportion (14%) of loans granted to companies in infrastructure sector, mainly involved in energy production and distribution – power failures are one of India’s major economic and social issues.
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