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Nowadays entrepreneurship is a solution requested to solve the problems of economic growth and development of societies. This trend created the paper objective, which is also a report from the research associated with the microeconomic and management’s approach. Research foundation raised the question whether people who are more active in their everyday lives are also more enterprising compared to those who are passive. The analysis of questionnaire outcomes and of results of experimental studies are the main research methods in the paper. The result partially confirmed the advanced thesis and hypothesis.
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The article presents the role of R&D sector in the development of SMEs, based on the subjective assessments of entrepreneurs. This article aims to assess the existing cooperation of R&D sector in dealing with small and medium-sized enterprises of the Lublin Voivodeship in the years 2010-2013, and support their innovative activity. Part of empirical data derived from statistical information contained the pages of the Central Statistical Office and the surveys carried out in two rounds in the years 2011-2014 on the group of 240 and 254 micro, small and medium-sized enterprises operating in the Lublin Voivodeship.
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The goal of this paper is to present the impact of the concept of human nature alterations on changes in economics. The example is feminist economics, contrasted with homo economicus. Therefore, in the paper the differences in understanding of the definition and methodology between these two schools have been explained, as a result of the diverse concepts of human nature. The analysis has proved that main differences in these economic schools may be explained by different understanding of human nature. It encourages further research exploring the concept of human nature as a crucial factor shaping economics. The method applied to this research is mainly a content analysis of representative publications within of those economic schools.
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The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the effectiveness of public universities in dependency of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education using the Malmquist index. The study covers 57 universities among the years 2001 and 2008. In the period 2002-2008 the average amount of Malmquist index was 2.7%. Efficiency changes did not affect the amount of Malmquist index as the average over the period was 1. The biggest impact on the amount of Malmquist index had a level of change in technological progress, which on average amounted to 2.7% per annum.
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As a result of the dynamic economic growth breakdown, a new regulation approach appeared on the ground of French economics in the 1970s. The crisis explanation proposed by the representatives of this school was the alternative to the dominant interpretation of mainstream theory. There were three important schools at the early stage of this approach development: the school concentrated around Paul Boccara, the school from Grenoble and the Paris school. Although the starting point of the study was the Marxist theory, the attitudes of individual schools towards Marx’s assumptions affected the diversity of research programs of regulationists, as well as their subsequent evolution. The main aims of this paper are: the presentation of the regulation approach origins and the concise description of the research programs of schools, with particular emphasis on the Paris school (nowadays tantamount to the regulation school) which sets the direction for the future development of regulatory approach.
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The article addresses the issue of willingness to perform altruistic actions, which are part of the assessment of social capital. The main aim of this article was to evaluate students’ willingness to perform altruistic actions and the factors that determine it, within the context of the average income of households. In view of the purpose of the study, attention was focused on the tendency of students to participate in charitable activities. In the theoretical part of the article reflections on the essence of social capital were considered as well as the role of altruistic action, willingness to help others in shaping social capital. The main factors that can determine this inclination was also identified. This was the basis for the analysis of the results of surveys conducted amongst students of business studies at the University of Szczecin. The results of the studies indicated that surveyed students rarely participated in charitable activities and their aid to third parties was largely handled by the transfer of gifts.
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The considerations of the paper are focused on the investigation of the business cycles in Poland in 2001-2013. The study was based on the quarterly data. The main purpose of the article is to present and analyze the most important morphological features of fluctuations. The article presents procedure for extracting business cycles. The hypothesis has been verified.
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Due to various uncertainties all capital intensive projects often suffer from risk. Both international as well as Polish infrastructure projects are subject to often excessive risk. One of the main reasons for poor risk estimates in those projects is lack of coherent risk assessment framework. Process of risk assessment could be optimized and could produce much better results if appropriate risk analysis framework is proposed. The aim of this paper is to present the proposal for such risk analysis framework which allows for optimization of risk appraisal in infrastructure investments. Proposal presented in this research is based on analysis of examples of real investment conducted in the European Union. This is further augmented by the results of questionnaire review of construction companies in which they were asked to identify significant (from the contractor perspective) types of risk. The resulting framework proposes layered approach to risk analysis distinguishes between three levels of risk assessment. On the top-level major risks facing project participants are addressed like cost, revenue, delay and quality risks. On the mid-level the component risks which influence major risks are addressed. Finally on the basis level the actual risks which represent common risk events present in infrastructure investments are enumerated. Furthermore the interconnections between identified types of risks are described and their contribution to overall risk is discussed. This three stage approach allows for elastic and at the same time complete tool for risk analysis which helps to optimize risk assessment process.
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Tradition in business management – affects the competitiveness of smallsized enterprises. The article verifies the above hypothesis. Its aim is to show the nature of the tradition at building the competitive edge of a small-sized enterprise. In the first part of the article definitions appearing in the literature on the subject of the tradition and competitivenesses are characterised, as well as the meaning, conditioning and instruments building the competitiveness in the compilation with the tradition are pointed. In the next section of the article an attempt to describe the relation of above aspects is made as a reply to the way of building of competitiveness. The issue is presented on the example of a smallsized enterprise from the bakery and confectionery industry.
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This study discusses the gender issue in economics. The analysis was based on three levels. The first one relates to the review of economic theory in relation to the concept of gender. The second level is the analysis of the European Union’s policy on gender equality. The third includes an analysis of the index of equality in the European Union. Obtained results confirmed the existence of social inequality based on gender in European countries. The evaluation indexes of gender equality in various European Union countries show that the Scandinavian countries: Sweden, Finland and Denmark, are the most developed ones in terms of equality between women and men. These countries have been able to eliminate most inequalities connected with gender in different spheres of life. At the bottom of the ranking are Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Cyprus. These countries need to systematically eliminate disparities in the position of women and men. Poland in the overall rankings of gender equality is below the EU average.
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People who work can also be affected by poverty. Poverty and social exclusion do not only affect those who are economically inactive or unemployed. Some groups among those who work also face higher risks of being poor. Thus, of particular interest in the context of this chapter is the subject related to the labor market and poverty. It was therefore an attempt to bring forward issues related to work, unemployment and job loss in the context of the phenomenon of working poor. The article presents an attempt to define the notion of “working poor” and to provide a characteristic of people who remain poor despite being active on the labor market.
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This article presents considerations about Adam Smith’s ownership categories, drawing attention to the source of its creation, the role of state in securing a property, the ratio of the monopolies and the relationship of personal interests. As a result of his analyses he considered private property to be more rational than the state one. Private property associated with personal interest was the driving force of progress and economic development. He criticized the creation of monopolies and their policy of preventing competition.
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For the authors of ordoliberalism the process of modern economy began from the building of legal order. One of its characteristics was private property. Refering to the authors quoted in this article, we present a current situation of a property in the sector of German soccer enterprises. As a result of the analysis, we found that the legal solutions that were adapted referrd to ordoliberalism and a private property was ensured. In addition, in thesector of German soccer enterprises, investors are domestic nad foreign companies who through the purchase of shares, contribute to the economic development of the professional league (1. Bundesliga).
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In the era of globalization, there are more and more questions about the responsibility of business people, and the scope of reflection includes legal, financial, ethical and social responsibility. The concept of responsibility is ambiguous. It concerns a lot of aspects and its meaning has changed and gained new meanings over the centuries, until modern times. Considering the issues of collective responsibility, an individual seeks the answers to the questions: Who is responsible/ what/from whom? The article explores the structure of responsibility and its borders. It also presents the category of responsibility in the light of the representatives of different sciences and discusses the origin, definition and types of the concept of responsibility.
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The paper aims at assessing the changes in flows of selected forms of capital under deepening financial integration in the European Union. EU member states are divided into two groups: members of the euro area and those outside of it. The analysis coincides with the establishing of the EU monetary union and covers years 1998–2011 and 2003–2013 for Poland. We have reviewed major theoretical concepts providing grounds for further considerations. Together with the progressing financial integration of the EU member states there is an increase in the overall value of financial flows measured with net IIP. The research method applied in this particular study includes the overview of theoretical concepts, literature review and a comparative analysis based on statistical data. Analyses of selected data revealed significant differences between developed and developing countries when it comes to various forms of net capital and its relation to the GDP based on the International Investment Position. The analysis of the degree of financial and trade integration of the euro zone countries compared to the Member States outside of the euro area demonstrated that the two groups are at two opposite extremes.
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All countries and nations worldwide are committed to achieving the socioeconomic development as the main goal of their activities. Within ideal conditions it is the process the states use to improve well-being of their citizens. Sustainable development concept sets directions for the future world development with respect for the natural environment in which human activities take place. This article aims to identify the factors of economic growth, to draw the concept of sustainable development, and to show, based on an analysis of selected statistical indicators, what stage Poland is as far as the implementation of the concept of sustainable development.
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In the area of economic governance theory there are two meanings, “governance” and “order” .They are sometimes used as synonyms. The authors, whose opinions are based on examples from literature, suggest a constant contradistinction between these two meanings. The first one should be seen as the vision of values’ system, treating so understood order as a model which enables a rational transformation of real existing economic order. Moreover, the authors point at the causes which the transformation in the economic order seems to be essential for. They propose a new version of social market economy, and also underline not only its positive aspects, but also its weaknesses and barriers which make the implementation of this order’s version in the reality difficult.
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For years Corporate Social Responsibility has been area of interest for both theorists and researchers. CSR is a rapidly developing business strategy and not simply a theory in the management literature. Different authors offer a multilevel and multidisciplinary theoretical framework and empirical research that analyse, synthesize and integrate the CSR area at the institutional, organizational, and individual levels of analysis. The author of the article tries to answer what are consumer needs as far as communicating the CSR activities is concerned. The Lasswell’s persuasion model was chosen as a background. The method used in the paper is analysis of existing research. It was purposeful selection of the sources of CSR research – fitting to the Lasswell’s model elements and tolerably recent time of publishing. This article is an attempt to gather outcomes from several studies and combine it into one compact theory that has features of integration (a primary attempt to something that may be carefully called meta-theory).
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People with disabilities are less competitive in the labor market than people without disabilities, and their employment needs special working conditions and financial assistance. In Poland, for many years the main place of work of these people were sheltered workshops. Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, this situation has been the subject of systematic changes and more and more jobs for people with disabilities are created by employers from the open labor market. Employers from the open labor market are mainly interested in people with the most severe disabilities and with special diseases, because the employment of such persons entitle them to receive the largest subsidies to their employment. In the years 2008-2014 the employment of people with disabilities increased to almost 36,000 people, only thanks to employers from the open labor market. At the same time, sheltered workshops decreased employment by 22,000 persons with disabilities. The participation of employers from the open labor market in the employment of people with disabilities grew from 19.3% in 2008 to 42.4% in 2014. It proves that they will soon become the main place of employment of people with disabilities in Poland.
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