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The article presents the principles for exempting students from physical education classes in schools in Poland and selected European countries. It provides a concise information on the mandatory content of physical education, the number of hours of physical education in curricula, the number of students in a group and the procedures for assessment of students in physical education in Poland, France, Greece, Spain, Ireland, Iceland, Latvia, Malta, Germany, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden and the UK.
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The Prussian province of Pomerania (German: Provinz Pommern) was one of the bastions of the Nazi (National Socialist) movement. A fter J anuary 3 0th, 1933 w hen Hitler assumed power in Germany, the Nazi authorities from Szczecin (German: Stettin), capital of the Province, headed by Gauleiter Wilhelm Karpenstein, and later by Franz Schwede-Coburg, began introducing the new order based on terror and ‘standardisation’ of the social life. In order to testify to the unity of the German nation, the authorities held numerous mass rallies, where the region’s NSDAP leaders gave speeches, which were broadcast; they also staged marches with torches of the party organisations and of the SA (Sturmabteilung, English: Storm Detachment or Assault Division, or Brownshirts). Yet the most important propagandist event was Hitler’s visit to Szczecin on June 12th, 1938 on the occasion of the Congress of the Pomeranian NSDAP (German: Gautreffen Pommern). Führer’s visit has some implications even today, as many inhabitants of Szczecin believe that Hitler is still an Honorary Citizen of Szczecin. The title was conferred to him as early as April 4th, 1933, but Hitler collected the title during his visit to Szczecin five years later. Hitler’s stay in Szczecin was to elevate the status of the Pomeranian Province on the political and economic map of the Third Reich, and the status of the policy of the local authorities who promoted the image of Pomerania as a ‘bastion of the German character’, a ‘borderline province’ and the eastern granary of the Reich. The objective of the article has been to analyse Führer’s visit to Szczecin, its genesis and its political significance for the city and the province, based on the most important Szczecin’s periodical during the period of the Third Reich, “Pommersche Zeitung”. The visit was a wonderful occasion for the periodical’s agitators to blatantly disseminate the cult of Hitler in a spirit of National Socialism, which led to political indoctrination of the local Germans who were taught to be ready to sacrifice everything and to be thoughtlessly faithful to Hitler.
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The objective of the article is to present the reception of the Polish Western ideas in Western Pomerania in 1945–1956. The author concentrates on the assimilation of the ideas in question and on the popularisation of the information on the Slavic past of Western Pomerania among its inhabitants. After the Second World War the Polish historians, being under political pressure, gave up dealing with problems of the Jagellonian period of the Polish history (in Western Pomerania). Instead, they turned their attention to problems of western ideas. The Polish historians decided to concentrate their efforts on the justification of the legality of Poland’s new western borders and on the confirmation of the Polish character of the Recovered Lands. The people connected with the western ideas denied and belittled the German influences in the past of those lands. They concentrated on the relics of the Piast past of those lands. Those relics, considered to belong to the Polish culture, were to familiarise settlers with the new surroundings. The objective of the people connected with the Polish western ideas was to create a new cultural landscape saturated with the Slavic past of Western Pomerania and its political links with Poland. It was important to generate historical and cultural bonds, and a sense of intimacy of cultural heritage of Pomerania among settlers coming from different parts of Poland. The Polish western ideas in Western Pomerania were based on illusory foundations. Searching for the Polish relics in Pomerania that certified its Slavic past was – in some cases – interpreted in a fairly naïve way. Some groups of Polish settlers were open to the persuasion which was to convince them that Poland had come back to the Piast lands, and such settlers more easily adopted a positive attitude to their new surroundings. Yet, the Slavic roots of Western Pomerania were not so important for the majority of the settlers. There were other factors that counted more than the past. The subsequent generations of the Pomeranian inhabitants took a different attitude: they treated the region as their little homeland. It was just the second generation that was the most susceptible to the Polish western ideas, it was the generation already born in Pomerania. Yet, in Western Pomerania there was no centre to propagate the Western ideas, they were propagated by individual people.
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