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There were two goals of the paper: 1) to present selected problems arising from the contemporary migration fl ows in the sending and host societies, namely: social, cultural and psychological effects; 2) to indicate the main notions, concepts and methods applied in the contemporary migration studies.
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The studies of the Polish language abroad were initiated by W. Doroszewski in 1938 with his monograph titled Język polski w Stanach Zjednoczonych A. P. (The Polish language in the USA). They fall into four chronological periods: 1945– –1970, 1971–1989/90, 1990–2004, after 2004. In the fi rst period, the works were carries out occasionally due to political restrictions. The period which proved signifi cant for their development was the second one, when a programme of interdisciplinary studies of the Polish community abroad was developed. The third period saw fi rst synthetic publications and new research circles, which considerably expanded both their objective and methodological scope in the last decade. Due to dynamic changes of the contemporary Polish home and abroad, there is a need for commencing works on a new synthesis of knowledge, one that would cover this branch of Polish linguistics.
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The object of the paper is to describe the position of the Polish language in the old Eastern Borderlands: Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine, and to answer the question raised in the title, whether we are facing rebirth or decline of the Polish language in the East. The position of Polish is diverse not only in each of the countries but also within the same country, the conditions in which it functions, the type of bi- and multilingualism differ, the nature of the changes in progress is also slightly different although numerous common processes conditioned by similar or identical causes can be indicated. The paper characterises the Polish minority in the mentioned countries in terms of its population and changes with this respect, territorial distribution, relation between the national identity and language, declarations about the mother tongue, variations in the Polish language of the Eastern Borderlands, ist functions, teaching Polish, multilingualism, etc.
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The author begins with the statement that most studies of the position of the Polish language outside Poland are limited to analysing the degree to which Polish communities abroad have maintained the Polish language, while completely ignoring the fact that this language has been learnt also by foreigners of non- Polish origin. Therefore, he fi rst pints to the works presenting the Polonisation process undergone by foreigners and the process of teaching Polish as a foreign language over the history. He then proceeds to the current situation and, with the use of the data from the certifi cation process of the command of Polish as a foreign language, shows who took certifi ed examinations in 2013 and 2014, when the total number of examinees was 4,058 foreigners. They comprised 2,993 B1 level, 842 B2 level and 223 C2 level candidates. In each of the two analysed years, the number of foreigners of Polish origin was below 15%, which demonstrates how many foreigners of non-Polish origin wish to certify their command of Polish for reasons such as studies or work in Poland as well as application for Polish citizenship. The author points to the fact that the criterion of Polish origin is imprecise as Polish origin of (both) parents does not ensure their children’s (good) command of Polish. The paper ends with comments about the level at which representatives of national and ethnic minorities living in Poland have mastered Polish.
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The paper touches upon problems faced by young Poles in exile, related to maturation and seeking one’s identity as well as adapting to the country of settlement. This is the background for discussing the results of a survey conducted among students of Polish schools in Chicago, Paris and Vienna from the point of view of their attitude towards their own ethnicity and the Polish language. The results prove that second-generation emigrants demonstrate a strong sense of Polishness and willingness to transmit it, yet see their future neither in the country of settlement nor in Poland. This survey also reveals differences in boys and girls’ views on certain issues, which opens a broad fi eld for researchers.
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This paper is dedicated to the impact of the family situation on the motivation of emigrants’ children to use Polish. The material for the research was provided by survey questionnaires fi lled in by teenagers and students who came to Poland to attend a Polish language course. The results of the survey demonstrate that maintenance of a command of Polish is extremely important to a vast majority of Polish parents. It also turns out that factors such as the family’s affl uence, ist social position or parents’ education have an insignifi cant infl uence on the level of language mastered by their children. What facilitates a high level of language competence is the respondents’ age – the group of students contained defi nitely more persons with a very good command of Polish than the group of teenagers.
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Cultural scripts for expressing emotions constitute an important element in the communication exchange and should be included in foreign language teaching since they are different in every culture In order to highlight characteristic features of cultural scripts, they need to be analysed in contrast by comparing at least two languages. Survey questionnaires and observation are useful research tools. The research conducted among native French and Polish speakers permitted identifi cation of cultural scripts for expressing ANGER for both mentioned languages and observation how the scripts are used in utterances by Polish migrants living in France.
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Chronologically, the fi rst time the Polish language went beyond the borders of the state (country) was in the 14th c. and resulted from changing the borders after the country’s reunifi cation (following the period of regional disintegration in Poland). The regions of Silesia and Pomerania remained outside the borders at that time. In the 17th c., Livonia and Courland (which had been Polonised from the 16th c.) were also outside the First Commonwealth, and in the period of partitions (1795–1918) the notion of borders of the country disappeared, while the notion of the Polish language in the ethnically Polish area and beyond the area occurred. What is meant here is mainly the old Eastern Borderlands and the southern borderland of the First Commonwealth. The fact that Poland regained its statehood in 1918 and 1945 within different borders changed the territorial reach of the Polish language abroad.
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The paper discusses the meanings of the term ‘promotion’ and briefl y outlines the history of promotion of the Polish language. Language is approached from the economic perspective as an informational subsystem of the state administration. A classifi cation of languages based on the economic criterion of the power of language is presented. Thus, profi table, sustainable and loss-making languages are identifi ed. The division in internal and external promotion in the linguistic context is also discussed. Three recipient groups of the promotion of Polish are distinguished: residents of Poland, Polish community and Poles abroad, and foreigners.
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The synthesis of the results of research on the impact of new communication technologies on maintaining the Polish language abroad, which is contained in this paper, leads to the conclusion that: 1) representatives of the fi rst and second generation of Polish emigrants often choose Polish in the electronic environment, yet less frequently than the language of the country of settlement and 2) traditional language maintenance/loss models are suitable as the point of departure for such research. New electronic communication tools contribute to the maintenance of Polish abroad, affecting traditional language maintenance/loss factors such as: expansion of Polish-language social networks, maintenance/reconstruction of the Polish identity and family bonds, access to institutions propagating Polish culture and Polish language learning, reduction of the geographical distance, and bilinguals’ perception of the value of Polish.
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The paper presents a proposal of a modification of the L. Hao and D. Houser adaptive test for comparing the locations of two distributions. The modification is based on the linear combination of three test statistics. In the Hao and Houser test, due to the values of the robust asymmetry and shape characteristics, the test statistic is chosen. A method of continuous modification of the test statistic is presented. The properties of the proposed procedure are analyzed in a Monte Carlo study. The proposal could be used in quality control monitoring processes.
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Assume that in a Debreu private ownership economy, all consumption sets are contained in a proper subspace of the commodity-price space. This property motivates producers to change their activities on markets to plans from the same subspace. Alterations in production take time, so to model changes occurring in the production sector of an economy, time should be involved. In contrast to the results I obtained from a 2010 study, in the economy with continuum traders, excluding a finite number of producers from the process that adjusts the economy to the given requirements does not disturb equilibrium. The aim of this paper is to present the possible trajectories of producers’ activity changing their plans in the economy with continuum traders. The process of moving the production system and, consequently, the whole economy to an economy reduced to a given subspace will be elaborated. As a result, a system of economies in equilibrium dependent on time is presented.
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An essential element of warehouse work which can be optimised is order-picking time. It can be minimised by determining the shortest picker’s route and the appropriate storage location assignment of items. In this paper only one-block rectangular warehouses with picker-to-part order picking systems are considered. The warehouse processes are presented. The routing heuristics and the optimal algorithm and storage location assignment methods are described. Against this background the original dedicated storage location assignment algorithms are presented. The efficiency of the methods is verified using simulations. For the calculations the original software Warehouse Real-Time Simulator is used.
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Differential equations and optimal control theory are the basic tools of the mathematical theory of economic growth. The aim of this paper is to show (using the example of the Mankiw-Romer-Weil and Lucas-Uzawa growth models) some capabilities of Mathematica in the symbolic and numerical solving of differential equations, calculating optimal values of integral functional (discounted lifetime utility) when only numerical optimal solutions are known, the symbolic differentiation of solutions given in terms of hypergeometric Gauss functions and the graphical presentation of solutions to differential equations.
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The paper looks at the elasticity of the Polish labour market in the years 2002–2012. It first discusses the notion and role of labour market deregulation in the contemporary economy. It goes on to examine the scale and dynamics of the elasticity of the Polish labour market, described with 10 fragmentary indicators. Research was conducted with three synthetic measures and changes in their value in time were compared.
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