Pejoratives and Relevance: Synchronic and Diachronic Issues

Pejoratives and Relevance: Synchronic and Diachronic Issues

Author(s): Nenad Miščević / Language(s): English / Issue: 44/2015

Keywords: Pejoratives; relevance; irony; metaphor; semantics; pragmatics

The paper considers a possible relevantist treatment, in the spirit of Wilson and Sperber’s work, of pejoratives and argues for three claims concerning them. On the level of synchronic issues it suggests that the negative content of pejoratives, at least in its minimal scope, is the normal part of their lexical meaning, and not a result of extra-semantic enrichment. It thus suggests an evaluative-content approach for the relevantist, in contrast to its neutral-content alternative. On the more general side, it suggests that the relevance theorist owes us a clear story about what kind of material is normally encoded. Concerning the issues of diachronic behavior of pejoratives, the paper suggests primarily the application of relevantist theory of irony, and secondarily some links with theory of metaphor. A relevantist theory of echoic use, and proposed for irony, can be used to understand the appropriation of pejoratives by their original target group, and the reversal of valence that goes with it. There is an interesting parallel between the echoing-cum-reversal processes Wilson and Sperber propose for irony and the repeating-and-reversing process typicall of appropriation of pejoratives. Finally, a brief application of the relevantist understanding of metaphor is proposed as a tool for understanding the genealogy of pejoratives of fi gurative origin. The dynamics, history and development of pejoratives has not been systematically addressed by philosophical theories of pejoratives: a collaboration with relevance theory might prove a useful strategy.

Language diversities in the works of 16th century (language of M. Fuzuli)

XVI YÜZYIL YARATICILI􀃶INDA D􀃸L RENGARENGL􀃸Y􀃸 (MUHAMMED FÜZUL􀃸N􀃸N D􀃸L􀃸

Author(s): Sevinc Agayeva / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 36/2015

Keywords: Fuzuli; Divan; syntagma;homonyms;

Fuzuli played an exceptionally important role in the development of Azeri Turkish language. In the works he wrote in his native language he skillfully used words and expressions of folk language which made them understandable to a wider public. This poet paid special attention to the language that people spoke and used it to describe certain situations more expressively, to bring emotions into the descriptions, to avoid repetition of same words, to evade monotony of his poetic tongue. He included folk phrases into the literature in his own way. Some researchers say that “not a single word of Fuzuli’s poetry can be excluded and interpreted independently, and that every word can be explained only in relation to other words in a text , as a Fuzuli-specific application”. Formation of Fuzuli’s worldview was considerably in􀃀uenced by geographic regions where he was born and lived: Baghdad, Karbala, Najaf, andHillah. It is well known that, at Fuzuli’s time, Baghdad was one of the major provinces of Azerbaijan, mostly inhabited by Azeris. Importance given to the native tongue by S.I. Hatayi contributed to the spread of Azeri language so the literary circles of Baghdad used primarily this language. In classical times, Nesimi, Hatayi, and Fizuli carefully selected meter, rhythm, and words, and created harmonic compositions. Fuzuli’s Divan in Turkish language is characteristic for diverse semantics of original Arabic and Persian words. Turkish word al which is in today’s language archaic, is used by Fuzuli in the meaning of “hile”, “mekir”, and “kirmiz”. Today, it is used only in the latter meaning and only in some phraseological expressions such as al kirmizi, al yanak.

Education of Bosniak Woman and Her Social Role during the Ottoman Rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina

OBRAZOVANJE BOŠNJAKINJE I NJENA DRUŠTVENA ULOGA U VRIJEME OSMANSKE UPRAVE NA PROSTORU DANAŠNJE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

Author(s): Senad Bećirović / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 36/2015

Keywords: Bosniak woman; education; Bosnia; Ottoman Empire; society; educational institutions; maktabs; schools;

Education is the most important social activity. Prosperous societies are constantly doing researches and analyses in order to improve their educational systems as a means of ensuring social, economic, and cultural development. This paper is focusing on educational system in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Ottoman rule. Its purpose is to determine and interpret education of a Bosniak woman and her social role in that period. Analysis of the relevant texts proved that Bosniak women acquired knowledge in various institutions such as maktabs, schools, tekes, etc., using Arabic lettering and Bosan􀃾ica (Bosnian Cyrillic). They had a notable place in the society and were independent in management of their properties and even invested/founded their possessions in social institutions, especially those of educational character. They were involved in many social activities and were awarded titles like bula, hodzha, vaiz, muallim, hafiz, hajji, founder, and even sheikh. Also, some of them were managers of various institutions, trying to give contribution to the wellbeing of the society, primarily through education and investments in educational institutions or in their maintenance.

Calligraphy in Turbes of Gazi Husrev-bey and Murad-bey in Sarajevo

KALIGRAFIJA GAZI HUSREV-BEGOVOG I MURAD-BEGOVOG TURBETA U SARAJEVU

Author(s): Haris Dervišević / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 36/2015

Keywords: Islamic calligraphy; Gazi Husrev-bey; Rakim Islamovi􀃼; Ali Faginovi􀃼; Akif Hadžihuseinovi

Text draws attention to the calligraphic cycles in turbes of Gazi Husrevbey and Murad-bey in Sarajevo. Through comparative analysis considering the artistic style, author came to conclusion that three calligraphers were involved in decorating the turbes: Hadži Hafiz Husejin Rakim-efendi Islamovi􀃼, Ali-efendi Faginovi􀃼 and Akif-efendi Hadžihuseinovi􀃼. The works of the first two are found in the Gazi Husrev-bey turbe, eight inscriptions of Islamovi􀃼 and sixteen of Faginovi􀃼, while seven calligraphic inscriptions of Hadžihuseinovi􀃼 are placed in turbe of Murad-bey. Calligraphers chose 􀃷al􀆯 􀜔ulu􀜔 script as best appropriate for the calligraphic composition. On the basis of colors and forms, inscriptions could be classified into two groups: the group of spherical inscription with golden letters on the green background (Islamovi􀃼, Hadžihuseinovi􀃼) and the group of inscriptions with gold letters on white (Faginovi􀃼). Calligraphy in turbes was done between the 1893rd and 1895th. This work is a small step in the field of Islamic art in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Austro-Hungarian period. Its main goal is to draw attention to the unknown field.

Several new facts on employees of Isa-bey’s wakf in Sarajevo at the end of 17th and beginning of 18th century

NEKOLIKO NOVIH PODATAKA O SLUŽBENICIMA ISA-BEGOVA VAKUFA U SARAJEVU KRAJEM 17. I PO􀃽ETKOM 18. STOLJE􀃻A

Author(s): Haso Popara / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 36/2015

Keywords: Gazi Isa-bey; Seyyid Abdulfettah; sheikh; mutawalli; nazir; katib; teke; wakf; hamam; han; mlini

Following the court documents that had not been published earlier, this paper deals with a couple of individuals who managed Gazi Isa-bey’s wakfs in Sarajevo at the end pof 17th and beginning of 18the century. It concentrates on struggle among Isa-bey’s descendants over the position of mutawalli renovation of buildings destroyed by fire during the attack by Eugene of Savoy on Sarajevo in 1697, leasing of wakf property, management of wakf income, relations with guild and court authorities, frequent complaints to the High Porte about the work of some wakf employees, and the directive of Istanbul that the alleged abuse in the wakf management be investigated and sanctioned.

Restrictive expressions in the text of Qur’an

RESTRIKTIVNI ISKAZI U KUR􀞌ANSKOM TEKSTU

Author(s): Mustafa Jahić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 36/2015

Keywords: Qur’an; stylistics; restriction; real restriction; supplementary restriction

This paper deals with research in restriction (qasr) as one of the styles of Qur’an expression. In addition to providing definition of restriction, division to categories/subcategories, it analyzes individual ayaths of Qur’an that manifest restriction in all its forms and shapes. Since restrictive clause includes affirmation (itbat) and negation (nafy), two categories of negation may be determined in restrictive clauses based on the way how negation is realized: real restriction (qasr haqiqi) and supplementary restriction (qasr idafi). Real restriction is also divided into two categories based on conformity of its negation with out of language reality (waqi’harigi): realized restriction (qasr tahaqiqi) and assertion-based restriction (qasr iddi a i), marked also as hyperbolic restriction (qasr mabni ‘ala mubalaga) or metaphoric restriction (qasr magi). Supplementary restriction (qasr idafi), depending on the relation of interlocutor (muhatab) toward the subject of expression, is dived into three categories: separating restriction (qasr al-ifrad), reverse restriction (qasr alqalb), and determining restriction (qasr al-ta ‘yin). Restriction is divided also on the basis of existence of two sides of restrictive expression: restriction in which an attribute is limited to a concept (qasr al-sifa ‘ala al-mawsif) and restriction in which the concept is limited to feature (qasr al-mawsif ‘ala al-sifa). Through an analysis of Qur’an ayaths and on the basis of the mentioned types of restriction, the paper tries to show the functional and aesthetic dimensions of restriction expressed through various syntactical forms characterized by succinctness, conciseness, and preciseness of the Qur’an text. Each of them, in their own way, expresses hidden and especially deep meanings, thus producing a strong effect on both the interlocutor and the recipient of the message of Qur’an.

Nationalization of maktab and masjid buldings and of construction land in Grada􀃾ac following the law on nationalization of 1958

NACIONALIZACIJA ZGRADA MEKTEBA I MESDŽIDA I GRA􀄈EVINSKOG ZEMLJIŠTA U GRADA􀃽CU NA OSNOVU ZAKONA O NACIONALIZACIJI IZ 1958. GODINE

Author(s): Nusret Kujraković / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 36/2015

Keywords: wakf; nationalization; Grada􀃾ac; maktab buildings, law

The paper is focusing on nationalization of maktab and masjid buildings and of construction land belonging to the Wakf of Grada􀃾ac after the law on nationalization of leased buildings and land was enacted in 1958. At 􀂿rst, 􀂿fteen wakf buildings of maktab and masjid were nationalized, with the total construction land area of 22,119 square meters. In the appeal process, the number of nationalized buildings and area of construction land were reduced The result of the appeal was that 􀂿ve masjid buildings and two maktabs covering the total construction land area of 7,571 square meters were nationalized. At the time of nationalization, twelve buildings of maktab and masjid were used as elementary schools while two of them were occupied by shops. Until the time of nationalization, the Wakf received only 20 percent of rentals which was 1931, 6 Dinars out of 10,890. The compensation provided for by the law was never paid. Such model of nationalization caused huge property and material damages to wakfs. In addition, maktab-type education was jeopardized. The Wakf Commission determined that the nationalization was unlawful.

Review

Review

Author(s): Ismet Bušatlić,Aladin Husić,Fikret Karčić,Sabaheta Gačanin,Dželila Babović / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 36/2015

Review Of: KATALOG ARAPSKIH, TURSKIH I PERZIJSKIH RUKOPISA, obradio Mustafa Jahić, Kantonalni arhiv Travnik – Al-Furqān Fondacija za islamsko naslijeđe London, London – Travnik, 1436/2015. , XL + 344. SIDŽIL MOSTARSKOG KADIJE 1243-1257. H.GOD/1828-1842.GODINE (REGESTA) KNJIGA I, Obradio: Hivzija Hasandedić, Muzej Hercegovine Mostar, Mostar 2015, 176. MUHAMED TAJIB OKIĆ: ŽIVOT I DJELO, Kemal Bašić, Sarajevo:Udruženje "Balkanski narodni pogled", 2015, str. 243. MEVLANA I MIR. RAT I MIR U DJELIMA MEVLANE DŽELALUDDINA RUMIJA, Elvir Musić, Mevlana University – Mevlana Research Center, Konya 2015. STIHOVIMA KA SJEDINJENJU: TAHMIS ABDULLAHA SALAHUDDINA UŠŠAKIJA BOŠNJAKA NA AL-BUSIRIJEVU POEMU QA􀧡ĪDA AL-BURDA, Berin Bajrić, Orijentalni Institut u Sarajevu, Posebna izdanja XLII, Sarajevo, 2015, 210 str.

Bulgarian Philosophical Society

БЪЛГАРСКО ФИЛОСОФСКО ОБЩЕСТВО

Author(s): Ivan Kolev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 5/2015

Ten years International Scientific Seminar “Philosophy and Democracy” in Dubrovnik

ДЕСЕТ ГОДИНИ МЕЖДУНАРОДЕН НАУЧЕН СЕМИНАР „ФИЛОСОФИЯ И ДЕМОКРАЦИЯ“ В ДУБРОВНИК

Author(s): Olga Simova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 5/2015

Event - 10th anniversary of the interenational scientific forum "Philosophy and Democracy".

PECULIARITIES OF THE ACADEMIC CAREER OF THE BULGARIAN PHILOSOPHERS AFTER THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAW OF DEVELOPMENT OF HE ACADEMIC STAFF IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA

ОСОБЕНОСТИ НА АКАДЕМИЧНАТА КАРИЕРА НА БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ ФИЛОСОФИ СЛЕД ВЪВЕЖДАНЕ НА ЗРАСРБ

Author(s): Dobrin Todorov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 5/2015

Keywords: phylosophy; academic career; Bulgaria

After the enforcement of the Law of Development of the Academic Staff in the Republic of Bulgaria (LDASRB) in 2010, the general terms and specific mechanisms for career development of those employed in the areas of higher education and science in this country have been dramatically changed. This enactment has established a brand new system of status promotion and has replaced the previous one which had been in action for several decades and had been regulated by the Law of Scientific Degrees and Scientific Titles. This text focuses on the way the academic career of Bulgarian philosophers proceeded within the first five years following the nforcement of LDASRB and outlines the peculiarities of this type of occupational development. Such an intermediate analysis of the effects of the implementation of the new system of academic development over the body of philosophers in Bulgaria aims at facilitating the comprehension of both its advantages and disadvantages in relation to the previous system. It also aims at outlining the features of evaluating activities relating to the achievements in the field of science and higher education that have been preserved by both systems. Trends of change have been outlined, as well as trends of preserving certain lasting practices in the activities of Bulgarian philosophers - both in relation to their own career development and to assisting other people’s development. One of the expected results of this analysis is that we have clarified the distribution of responsibilities and activities among the institutions, branches, and individual representatives of the body of philosophers in their work oncerning the academic career development of philosophers in this country.

From the Editors

Od Redakcji

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 44 (1)/2015

Monographic Part. The Process of Social Revitalization from the Cultural and Educational Perspective: Introduction

Część monograficzna. Proces rewitalizacji społecznej – perspektywa kulturowo-edukacyjna: Wstęp

Author(s): Teresa Wilk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 44 (1)/2015

Interview with Douglass W. Bailey

Interview with Douglass W. Bailey

Author(s): Radu-Alexandru Dragoman / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2014

Keywords: Interview;Neolithic;perspective;Romania;

Douglass W. Bailey is Professor of Archaeology and Visual Anthropology in the Department of Anthropology at San Francisco State University, United States of America. He took his MPhil (1986) and PhD (1991) in archaeology from Cambridge University, United Kingdom. Between 2006 and 2008 he was the Head of Archaeology at Cardiff University, United Kingdom, and from 2008-2011, Chair of the Anthropology Department at San Francisco State University. His many research interests include prehistoric and ancient art, visual and material culture, the archaeology of prehistoric Europe, and the archaeology of the contemporary past. He has directed research projects in Bulgaria, Romania and the United States of America.

Stasis and change in Paleolithic times. A brief assessment of the Lower and Middle Paleolithic evolutionary dynamics

Stasis and change in Paleolithic times. A brief assessment of the Lower and Middle Paleolithic evolutionary dynamics

Author(s): Mircea Angheliu / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2014

Keywords: Lower Paleolithic; Middle Paleolithic;demography; macro-evolution

Based on dual-inheritance and macro-evolutionary models, the paper focuses on the conformist dimension of cultural transmission and on the growth limits inherent in foragers’ eco-cultural niche building. The apparent lack of innovation noticed in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic is briefly explored. The crucial role of demographical networks in the spread and persistence of innovation is also emphasized.Several lines of evidence suggest an early, Middle Pleistocene age for the emergence of typically human cooperative arrangements and cultural inheritance systems. A mosaic pattern of innovations is also recorded during the Middle and particularly Late Pleistocene. Their repeated failure in spreading and lasting is attributed to the dominant opportunist forager strategy and ultimately to the small size and vulnerability of local demographic networks.

The early prehistory of the Americas and the human peopling of the Western Hemisphere. An overview of archaeological data, hypotheses and models

The early prehistory of the Americas and the human peopling of the Western Hemisphere. An overview of archaeological data, hypotheses and models

Author(s): Ciprian Ardelean / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2014

Keywords: prehistory;North America;South America;Mexico;Clovis

This article is a general overview of early American archaeology, an updated synthesis of the most important archaeological data and radicoarbon dates concerning the oldest phases of human presence in the Americas, during the Terminal Pleistocene and the Early Holocene. It discusses – in a resumed manner - the most relevant hystoriographical and geographical contexts and academic debates, reviews the existing knowledge on archaeological cultures and sites, lithic technologies and cultural dynamics, and analyses the theories and models that pretend to describe and explain the complexity of phenomena laying at the base of the pristine peopling of the Western Hemisphere. This topic is not well represented in the European archaeological literature and, for that reason, this paper is meant for the Romania/European reader who wants to explore, at a general level, the most important “secrets” of such an exotic subject. The enigma of when people set foot on American lands, at some point during the terminal stages of the Ice Age, has not been solved yet. The chronologies of the earliest migrations, the origins of the first settlers, the demographic expansion models and the relationship between the earliest cultures still represent delicate issues that cause vivid controversies, clashes of paradigms and an immense input of energy and passions among scientists. Indepenedent of the absolute dates, the arrival of the first human groups to that part of the world occurred much later than in Europe, Asia or Australia, perhaps during or after the Late Glacial Maximum, most likely not long before 18,000 years ago, as far as one can tell today. The most common theories suggest terrestrial migration routes starting somewhere in Siberia and crossing the Bering Land Bridge into Alaska and Yukon. In spite of the wide opinios and the increasing genetic data in favour of this hypothesis, there is little archaeological data to support it. Alternative hypotheses were proposed during the last decades, which point at other possible places of origin, such as Western Europe, for the earliest peopling of North America, or the Pacific, for the case of South America. For more than half a century, the traditional archaeology promoted the paradigm known as the “Clovis-first” model, according to which the first American settlers were a sophisticated hunter-gatherer culture known as Clovis, well documented over most of the United States and dated back to at least 11,500 RCYBP. Today, this model is considered refuted and there is increasing evidence in support of “older-than-Clovis” populations, not necessarily related to the famous mammoth hunters, both in North and South America. Some intermediary regions, such as Mexico and Central America, still fail to produce a consistent archaeological record for the earliest periods. Many archaeologists claimed very old radiocarbon dates for the human presence in their respective sites; nevertheless, the widely accepted earliest discoveries do not go further than 15,000 years ago. The peopling of the Americas continues to be today, one century after its beginnings as an academic field of research, one of the most debated and controversial subjects in world archaeology.

Around the Bloc: Bullied Russian Kid Receives Big Support

Around the Bloc: Bullied Russian Kid Receives Big Support

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/26/2016

Keywords: Russia; NASA; Astronauts; boy; bullied; Classmates; Message; society

Local celebrities and even a NASA astronaut respond to mother’s Facebook plea.

New data on the Stoicani-Aldeni cultural aspect. The archaeological excavations from the Eneolithic site at Bălăneşti (Buzău County)

New data on the Stoicani-Aldeni cultural aspect. The archaeological excavations from the Eneolithic site at Bălăneşti (Buzău County)

Author(s): Adina Boroneant,Alin Frînculeasa,Valentin Dumitraşcu / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2014

Keywords: Eneolithic;Romania;pottery;stone industry; animal bones; human

The present paper discusses and presents for the first time Hortensia Dumitrescu’s archaeological excavations from Bălăneşti (Buzău County) in 1943. The only published information on the subject appeared in the Encyclopaedia of Archaeology and Ancient History of Romania, volume I (Vl. Dumitrescu 1994) and in the monograph of the Stoicani-Aldeni cultural aspect (I.T. Dragomir 1983). The site of Bălănești is also quoted in Romanian archaeology in connection to Eneolithic funerary practices, mentioning the human skull (lying on a vessel associated with red-ochre) found at the site. The paper presents a detailed account of the old excavations, followed by the analyses of pottery, faunal remains and lithics, ending with a brief discussion on the chronology of the area within the Stoicani-Aldeni cultural aspect and its links with the neighbouring sites and cultures.

Around the Bloc: Moldovan Thief Becomes YouTube Star

Around the Bloc: Moldovan Thief Becomes YouTube Star

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/26/2016

Keywords: Moldova; thief; YouTube; Chisinau; corruption

Given the massive corruption scandals of the past, some citizens seem jaded to the news.

Monographic Part: Polish National Minority in Zaolzie in Social Continuity and Change – the Multicultural and Educational Perspective

Część monograficzna: Polska mniejszość narodowa na Zaolziu w ciągłości i zmianie społecznej – perspektywa wielokulturowa i edukacyjna

Author(s): Ewa Ogrodzka-Mazur / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 44 (1)/2015

Keywords: national minority; borderland; Cieszyn Silesia; Zaolzie; cultural identity; multi- and intercultural education

What has been applied in the characterization of the Polish national minority inhabiting the Polish-Czech borderland in Cieszyn Silesia and in the description and explanation of various signs of this minority’s activity are elements of Tadeusz Lewowicki’s theory of identity behaviours. They are introduced in the distinguished fields to specify some selected basic determinants: (a) historical (presenting history of the minority, its identification with the territory and social group, as well as its nationality structure); (b) socio-cultural (marking the separateness of culture, language, and religion in the borderland, as well as its school education and institutions or organizations supporting culture); (c) cultural-personal (constituting the images of “dissimilarity”, the group’s specific features, and the description of functioning stereotypes); and (d) industrial-economic (which describe living standards of minority and majority groups in the borderland, their civilization rank, technical and technological condition, and life plans).