Chinese efforts to promote its strategic interests in the South China Sea

Demersuri chineze pentru promovarea intereselor strategice în Marea de Sud a Chinei

Author(s): Isabela Ancuţ / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 4/2015

Keywords: conflict; instability; crisis; tension; transition; legislation; defence strategy; Asia-Pacif c; South-East Asia; China; Japan; Korea; Dprk; Taiwan; Philipine; Vietnam; Malaesya; Brunei; Sua

The rising importance of Asia-Pacific region and its major positive impact over the global economy and also the political, economical and military developments of the region’s states had as effect the disputes debacle generated by the territorial strifes from region. It is well-known the fact that the main tensions in the region are generated by the different interpretation of these actors, based on their own strategic interests, its evolutions being very diffi cult to manage due to the fact that any decision to support one of the parts is based on pure political consideration and less by the historical and, sometimes, geographic truth. Furthermore, taking into consideration the throwing back of the differences regarding the demarcation of the boundaries (terrestrial and maritime), the claims over the unilateral exploitations of some energy resources (oil, natural gas), mineral (gold, platinum) and detention of the maritime transport routes, it could be stated that the potential to burst an open confl ict is proning to rise. In this context of regional and international security, China`s incisive behaviour toward the South China Sea was increasing simultaneously with the state's economic development and with the tightening of competition with USA in Asia-Pacific region. In Chinese foreign strategy, South China Sea is the “boundary line” between China and USA, and the Beijing`s force demonstrations in area are destined to Washington and not to region`s states (including those with territorial claims in SCS) to which keeps up availability to dialog and cooperation. The perseverence to which China is holding on its ambiguity regarding the decision to use the “9-Dashes-lines-map” in order to claim total sovereignity over the entire maritime area included within the “9-Dashes-lines” could be viewed also as a possible preservation of flexibility in pursuing its maritime claims in SCS while making it more diff cult for the other regional actors to defi ne specific objectives or pursue legal challenges to those claims. It does appear clear that, next to Chinese Law on Territorial Sea and Contiguos Zone, enacted in 1992, the implementation, beginning with January 1st 2014, of some fishing regulations in area represent more than evidences of the Chinese administrative control wielded by facto in almost entire SCS. China and USA in a dangerous spire of proving their supremacy in this area.

Neurosciences and consciousness

Neurotudományok és a tudat

Author(s): János Boros / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2013

Keywords: philosophy of mind, neuroscience, brain, God, Human Brain Project, connectomes

One of the most important challenges facing the natural sciences and philosophy today consists in understanding the human brain, as well as human consciousness. These two tendencies of research, each confronting its own almost insurmountable difficulties, are by no means synonymous, as the author critically argues. Consciousness, subjective experience, conceptual understanding and our personal epistemic involvement in our world are dealt with by the branch of philosophy which goes by the name of philosophy of mind (Bewusstseinsphilosophie, Philosophie des Geistes). On its turn, the brain as a physical entity is studied by neuroscientists with empirical methods. However, according to the sceptical argument presented by the author, there are no signs that these two fundamental directions of research would tend to converge in any way.

Mind reading

Elmeolvasás - a ragályos képesség

Author(s): Zoltán Dósa / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2013

Keywords: theory of mind; human consciousness; developmental psychology; Jean Piaget; social psychology

This psychological study concerns the human capacity for „mind reading” or „the theory of mind”, conceived of as intentionality attributed to others’ consciousness and the understanding that other people are capable of conceiving of a given situation in a different way, or they can be led to conceive of it from different perspectives. The author traces the origins of this quasi-universal human “talent” in our childhood, and reviews the relevant research conducted on children (Jean Piaget, Heinz Wimmer and Josef Perner etc.). He concludes with an appraisal of the importance of this characteristically human talent within our interpersonal relationships and social life.

Failure of Libya. Implications on European security

Eşuarea Libiei. Implicaţii asupra securităţii europene

Author(s): Tiberiu Tănase,Alba-Iulia Catrinel POPESCU / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 4/2015

Keywords: Arab Spring; Nasserism; Lybia; Gaddafi ; Islamic State; jihadism; migration;organized crime; terrorism;

The 2011 series of protests and riots, known as the “Arab Spring” swept away Ba’athist and Nasserist regimes in North Africa. One after another, secular Arab world leaders were removed from power by the anger of a population caught between a secular and repressive plutocracy and the utopian fantasies of a Medinatype society promised by the Salafi sts. Ummah al arabiyah is day by day becoming Ummah al Islamiyah, as the Western democratic model is demonized and the specter of terrorism extends throughout Northern Africa. Libya’s Gaddafi regime collapsed creating a hotbed of instability with reverberations across Africa and threatens to destabilize European countries, too. What are the implications of Lybia’s failure on European security? How serious is the situation?

Consciousness and its paradoxes

Tudat, tudatosság, tudatparadoxonok

Author(s): Péter Egyed / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2013

Keywords: consciousness; paradox; human mind; John Locke; An Essay Concerning Human Understanding; David Chalmers; Edmund Husserl

In our daily lives, we are in the habit of continuously monitoring and maintaining our consciousness, more or less consciously. This process is characterized by a systematic and cyclic investigation from morning to night, and it even interferes with our dreams. Due to this type of universal preoccupation with the phenomena of human consciousness, more advanced cultures are always inclined to produce theories for its explanation and functioning. The author offers a fascinating contemporary close reading of John Locke’s seminal Essay Concerning Human Understanding, associating its basic questions and tentative answers with modern directions in the philosophy of mind, among which the works of Étienne Balibar, David Chalmers, and Edmund Husserl.

Danubian variations on the theme of the one II.

Duna menti változatok az egyre II.

Author(s): Norbert Haklik / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2013

A hamis tanúskodás, a hazugság sú- lyát, mint láthattuk, a körülmények és a szándék is meghatározzák. Elvégre egy „adott »jótettnek«, vagy »rosszcselekedetnek« csak az akció társadalmi összefüggé- sében van értéke”, mint a szerzõ a hatodik parancsolatnak szentelt fejezet bevezetõ- jében rámutat.25 Hogyan alakulnak azonban az abszolút jó és rossz közötti grádicsok egy olyan bûn esetében, amelynek értelmezése forradalmi változásokon ment keresztül a nyugati civilizációban az utóbbi évszázad során, s amely nem csupán a vonatkozó társadalmi normarendszer gyors változásai, hanem az „elköveté- sére” sarkalló biológiai ösztönök folytán is – Kabdebó fejezetcímét idézve – „A legnehezebb”?

A greenhorn in Kolozsvár - in 1959

Egy zöldfülű Kolozsvárt - 1959-ben

Author(s): Mihály Ilia / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2013

A zöldfülû én vagyok. 1959-ben, két évvel az egyetemi végzé- sem után a Szegedi Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Karán a magyar irodalmi tanszék tanársegéde voltam, és egykori tanárommal, Péter Lászlóval a Juhász Gyula kritikai kiadáson munkálkodtunk. A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia pályázatot hirdetett romániai tanulmány- útra, megpályáztam, mert volt a Juhászkutatásnak néhány fehér foltja, hiányzó hírlapok, elveszett mûvek (Juhász két drámai mûve: Arany János Szigeten, Egy óra sarc), reménykedtem, hogy a költõ máramarosszigeti és nagyváradi tanárkodásának némelyik dokumentuma a levéltárakban megtalálható lesz.

Internal dialogues

Belső párbeszédek

Author(s): Ágnes Kónya,Zoltán Kónya / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2013

Keywords: psychotherapy; internal dialogue; external dialogue; monologue; silence; self

The authors of this article, being both practicing psychotherapists, reveal some of the “secrets”of their profession, or more exactly talk about what goes on in the psychotherapists mind during a the therapy session. They start their investigation of the subject with the concept of internal dialogue, which goes on simultaneously and creatively accompanies the external ones as a permanent resource of meaning and innovation in human communication. According to their opinion, the general aim of the therapeutic process consists in closely monitoring both of these dialogues, the internal as well as the external one, and to adequately transfer elements of the internal dialogue into the external, by putting them to use.

The mirror behind the images

A tükör a képes mögött

Author(s): Melinda Pap / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2013

Keywords: Buddhism; consciousness; mirror; Karma Kagyü; emptiness; brain science; meditation

This essay examines consciousness from a Buddhist perspective, more precisely on the basis of the Karma Kagyü lineage of the Vajrayana system. It offers a useful summary on Tibetan Buddhist views on reality and the human mind, incorporating contemporary scientific approaches, which also tend to confirm some traditional tenets of Buddhism. Finally, the text concludes with a recommendation to practice meditation, as a method much better suited to experience the fundamental nature of human consciousness beyond concepts than theoretical discourse.

Intuitive integration and analytical processing

Intuitív integráció és analitikus feldolgozás...

Author(s): Imre Péntek / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2013

Adöntéshozatal és az ítéletalkotás kutatásának az egyik legfontosabb problé- mája a tudatosság kérdése. Mindennapi döntéseinkben, legyenek azok vá- sárlói döntések, orvosi, bírósági döntések, párvá- lasztással kapcsolatos döntések vagy a legrövidebb útvonal kiválasztására vonatkozó döntés, feltevõdik a kérdés, milyen szerepet játszanak az intuitív (implicit, asszociatív és automatikus), valamint az analitikus (explicit, szabály alapú és kontrollálható) folyamatok. Hasonlóképpen ítéleteink, attitûdjeink, preferenciáink alakulásával kapcsolatban ugyanez a kérdés ugyanilyen hangsúlyosan merül fel. Az intuitív és az analitikus folyamatoknak egyaránt szerepe van a célirányos döntésekben és az ítéletalkotásban, azonban relatív szerepük nem elég pontosan körvonalazott. Az implicit folyamatokat elsõsorban az különbözteti meg az analitikus folyamatoktól, hogy nem tudatosak, és tudatosan nem kontrollálhatók.2 A tudatosság kérdése elsõsorban a folyamatokkal kapcsolatban merül fel, de preferenciáinkkal és attitûdjeinkkel kapcsolatban maguknak a kialakult preferenciáknak és attitûdöknek a tudatossága is felmerül.

Revaluation of national conservative myths

Nemzeti konzervatív mítoszok újraértékelése

Author(s): Anita Pintér / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2013

Analyzing the self

A self vizsgálata

Author(s): Csaba Pléh / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2013

Abból indulok ki, hogy önmagunkról való nézeteinknek két történeti vonala van a modern pszichológiában. Az egyik belülrõl indul ki, és a testképbõl építi fel az önképet. Ezt fogom centripetális felfogásnak nevezni. A másik kívülrõl, a társas interakcióból indul ki, és az emberek közötti viszonyból építi fel az önképet. Ezt pedig centrifugális felfogásnak fogom nevezni. Illusztrálni, nem bizonyí- tani fogom, hogy míg a testbõl induló énfogalom egy egyetemes minimális selfet alakít ki, az interakciós self kibontakozásában különleges jelentõsé- ge van az elbeszélõ mintázatoknak.

Castorp hotel

Castorp hotel

Author(s): Péter Pollágh / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2013

Poemy by Pollágh Péter

The flux of consciousness and embodied cognitions

A tudatfolyam áramlatai és a testiesült kogníciók

Author(s): József Rácz / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2013

A testiesült kogníciók megismeréséhez elsõ lé- pésben William Jamesnek a tudatfolyam elemzé- sével kapcsolatos munkásságához érdemes fordulni.1 Az én pszichológiai megértéséhez nagyban hozzájárult az énen (selfen) belül feltételezett I (a self mint alany, a self mint megismerõ) és Me (a self mint tárgy, a self mint megismert) megkülönböztetése. Hubert M. Hermans holland kutató éppen ezért fordult Jameshez, hiszen az õ kettõs selfképe jó kiindulás a centrális és egynemû self ellenpontozására.2 James az I tulajdonsá- gaihoz sorolta a kontinuitást (azaz a személyes identitásnak azt a részét, ami által ugyanannak érezzük magunkat az idõ múltával is), a másoktól való megkülönböztetést, valamint azt a folyamatos munkát, amivel a self elfogad vagy elvet egyes gondolatokat, és így a tapasztalat aktív feldolgozását végzi. Jamesnél a Me olyan empirikus elemekbõl áll, amelyek hozzá tartoznak. Folyamatos az átmenet a Me és a mine (enyém) között: a hozzá tartozó dolgok lehetnek személyek vagy akár tárgyak is. A jamesi self így kiterjed a környezetre is. Hermans számára valójában ez a környezetre történõ kiterjedés, pontosabban a környezet mint a self része jelenti azt az ugrópontot, ahonnan elméletét indítja, belevetve magát az ének tengerébe.

Notes on the Authors

Bilješke o autorima

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2015

Notes on the Authors

"I have some knowledge in this area"- Kós Károly...

"Ehhez értek is valamicskét" - Kós Károly...

Author(s): Zoltán Vincze / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2013

A 20. század elején Erdély mûemlékeinek sorsa – felmérés, karbantartás, restaurálás, esetleg lebontás – magyar állami intézmény, a Vallás- és Közoktatásügyi Minisztérium alárendeltségébe tartozó Mûemlékek Országos Bizottsága (MOB) vállán nyugodott. Épített örökségünk né- hány értékes kincsének (gyulafehérvári székesegyház, Kolozsvár – Farkas utcai templom, ugyanott óvári kolostor stb.) megmentése, példás helyreállítása Möller István, Lux Kálmán és munkatársaik új utakon járó munkásságának köszönhetõ.

Where lies the border of consciousness?

Mivel határos a tudat?

Author(s): Deodáth Zuh / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2013

„Igen tisztelt Uram! Engedje meg, hogy bemutatkozzam. A Magyar Királyi Zeneakadémia taná- ra vagyok, és szabadidõmben sokat foglalkozom népzenével, mégpedig gyûjtõként.” Ezekkel a szavakkal kezdte rákoskeresztúri lakásában egy 1912. május 22-én kelt levelét Bartók Béla, a viszonylag ismeretlen tanár-zeneszerzõ. Annak címzettje más tudományterületen tevékenykedett. Erich Moritz von Hornbostelnek (1877–1935) hívták, muzikológiával és pszichológiával foglalkozott, pontosabban „összehasonlító zenetudománnyal”, amelyet manapság inkább hívhatnák, zenei néprajznak. Ebben az idõben pedig már túl van egyen és máson, de persze igazi tudományos hírnevét késõbb vívja majd ki. Nagy részben az õ nevéhez fûzõdik majd (másik részben pedig Curt Sachshoz) egy máig használatos hangszertipoló- gia, az úgynevezett Hornbostel–Sachs-felosztás, amely a hangképzés pszichológiai összetevõi alapján tesz kísérletet arra, hogy a „besorolás hírhedt feladatát elvégezze”.

Foreign Unaccompanied Minors in the Republic of Croatia: the Issue of Language Learning and Education

Strani maloljetnici bez pratnje u Republici Hrvatskoj: problematika učenja jezika i obrazovanja

Author(s): Drago Župarić-Iljić,Dubravka Mlinarić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 3/2015

Keywords: unaccompanied minors; language learning; education; integration policies; Croatia

Modern mixed migration flows include children separated from their parents and unaccompanied minors, who are among the most vulnerable groups of migrants. From 2006 to July 2014, a total of 3255 foreign unaccompanied minors were registered in Croatia, of whom about 400 were asylum seekers, mainly citizens of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Somalia. It is obvious that they stay shortly in the institutions entitled for their care and arbitrarily leave them within just a few weeks from the day of arrival. Policies and measures aimed at the welfare and protection of foreign unaccompanied minors include state mechanisms in the domains of establishing the identity and age of a minor, appointment of a guardian, ensuring accommodation and freedom of movement, legal and financial support, health and social care, language learning, education and ensuring their reunification with family. The focus of this paper is on the analysis of policies and measures related to language learning and the education of foreign unaccompanied minors, which is one of the basic prerequisites of their inclusion in society. Based on research conducted by the interview method among the relevant actors involved in the system of their protection and care, some of the most important challenges, primarily in the field of educational, but also of the broader integration of foreign unaccompanied minors have been analysed. Preliminary results suggest that their brief stay in Croatia and early drop-out of the system prevents the implementation of the national care program guaranteed by the legal framework, which partly makes it impossible for the state to systematically and effectively plan and implement further activities in the education of children of foreigners. Lack of inter-agency and intra-agency coordination within the government sector leads in this area to institutional problems and inconsistency in the implementation of the existing national regulations and European standards.

The Principle of Non-Refoulement and Access to Asylum System: Two Sides of the Same Coin

Načelo zabrane vraćanja i pristup sustavu azila: dva lica iste kovanice

Author(s): Goranka Lalić Novak / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 3/2015

Keywords: right to asylum; non-refoulement; access to territory; European Court of Human Rights

The European Union and other countries on the Balkan route for migrants have recorded a large increase in the number of asylum seekers. In parallel with the increased number of refugees trying to enter the territory of the EU, measures for migration management have tightened, and the right to asylum at the level of the Member States has been interpreted more and more restrictive. Search for protection from persecution has become a reason for closing borders and disabling access to territory and asylum system. However, access to asylum system is the first step in the realization of the right to asylum as guaranteed by international, European and national law. In addition to allowing access to territory and asylum system, which implies an obligation of states to accept refugees in order to confirm the need for international protection in a fair and efficient procedure, the states are obliged to respect the principle of non-refoulement. The aim of this paper is to clarify the connection between providing access to asylum system and respect for the principle of non-refoulement. Analysis in the paper was done by legal-dogmatic method of research and interpretation of legal acts and other authorities, as well as of UNHCR relevant recommendations and documents. The assumption is that without the provision of access to territory and asylum system the principle of non-refoulement cannot be respected. Apart from the international refugee law and doctrinal interpretations, it derives from the practice of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the prohibition of torture or other inhuman treatment or punishment guaranteed by the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The conclusion is that the states must take into account international and European standards regarding the protection of the principle of non-refoulement when considering the introduction of new measures to manage migration movements.

The Security-scape and the (In)Visibility of Refugees: Managing Refugee Flow through Croatia

The Security-scape and the (In)Visibility of Refugees: Managing Refugee Flow through Croatia

Author(s): Jasna Čapo / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

Keywords: refugees; migrants; security; humaneness; Croatia; EU

The article analyses certain aspects of the exceptional migration process unfolding in Europe from the middle of September to the beginning of November, 2015. It focuses on analysis of managing that migration in Croatia through the presentation of the functioning of the reception (and transit) centre at Opatovac. A qualitative ethnographic and anthropological research approach has been applied. The ethnographic perspective offers a complex view of responses to the events, pointing out the paradoxes in refugee reception and transit migration management in Croatia. It is established that there are constant contradictions contained in the nexus of security and humanitarian demands in the migration process management, these largely coming to the fore because of a lack of international co-operation and a firm stance and common policy on the part of the EU. In that way, the EU has contributed to the deepening of the humanitarian migration crisis, but also demonstrated its deep value crisis.