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The Yugoslav State Visit to the Soviet Union, June 1956

The Yugoslav State Visit to the Soviet Union, June 1956

Author(s): Jan Pelikán / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Josip Broz; Khruschev; normalization; Eastern Bloc; Non-Aligned Movement

The article analyses the circumstances and course of the visit of Josip Broz Tito to Soviet Union in the end of spring in 1956. His conversations in Moscow ended the process of normalization of mutual relations which was started soon after the death of Stalin. The conversations with Khrushchev showed on one hand the closeness of the points of view of the leaders of both totalitarian regimes and on the other hand they signalized differences in the points of view on the matter of the future form of mutual relations which were difficult to overcome.

Socialism vs. Socilaism: The Phenomenon of the Czechoslovak Opposition after the Defeat of the „Prague Spring” 1969–1972

Социализм против социализма: феномен чехословацкой оппозиции после поражения Пражской весньи. 1969–1972. гг

Author(s): Ella Grigoyevna Zadorozhnyuk / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The phenomena of the Czechoslovak opposition after collapse of the Prague Spring, genesis of its ideological and program goals in 1969-1972, when antireform part of the Communist party of Czechoslovakia began repression against the opposition, were analyzed in this article. The representatives of conservative course were victorious and the Prague Spring party’s programs and documents were canceled as „erroneous” (revisionist or opportunist). Opposition demonstrated their adherence to the democratic socialist ideas and this was the main paradox of the movement. The difference was shown within the framework of this movement and it was reflected in formation of some organization trends of the movement - The Movement of revolutionary youth (MRY), The Socialist movement of the Czechoslovak citizens (SMCC) and the Czechoslovak movement for the democratic socialism (CMDS). In general their activities were characterized in this period by double removal of the centers of the opposition’s movement - firstly, from the legal to illegal forms and secondly, from ideology of „socialism with human face” to the ideology of human rights. Confrontation between socialists (Czechoslovakia was named socialist republic) and democratic trends (including ex-communists), who composed the main part of the opposition, was fi nished after their arrests in January and political processes in summer 1972. After this, the Czechoslovak opposition began the search for the new alternatives, in which the socialist ideas did not occupy such important place and the search for new forms such as dissident movement.

Anti-Communism of the Future

Anti-Communism of the Future

Author(s): Petr Roubal / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Post-Communist Europe

Post-Communist Europe

Author(s): Zoltán Dujisin / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

The Role of the West Black Sea Ports in Navigation and Commerce, 13th–15th Centuries

The Role of the West Black Sea Ports in Navigation and Commerce, 13th–15th Centuries

Author(s): Dimitar V. Dimitrov / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES - ECONOMIC ASPECTS

МИГРАНТИ И БЕЖАНЦИ – ИКОНОМИЧЕСКИ РАКУРСИ

Author(s): Elena Stavrova,Vladimir Tsenkov,Stoyan Tanchev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: refugees; migrants; socio-demographic characteristics; policies for social inclusion and the labor market

This study has set a goal to focus exclusively on the economic effects of the current wave of refugees to destination countries in the EU.The analysis is based on studies of large and sudden influx immigration that have occurred in the past, including in the Europe. Although each migration surge had its peculiarities, the available empirical evidence can shed light on the possible effects of this new wave of immigration in receiving countries markets and its fiscal positions.The study also discusses how policies may affect the integration of the labor market in the context of socio-demographic characteristics of mi-grants and refugees. This would form the basis for political decisions on how to respond to this challenge.The paper makes prediction about some estimations for short-term macroeconomic impact of refugees and the search for answers to questions such as the implications of access to health and social services, education policy and housing market regulations to the integration of refugees and mi-grants, who are also discussed briefly.

“One Camp, One Banner”

“One Camp, One Banner”

Author(s): Krisztián Ungváry / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Political parties;Hungary;historical memory;reevaluation of history;House of Terror;double-faced policy

The historical memory of a society reflects its political situation. In the last two and a half decades, the political system radically changed in Hungary,and a reevaluation of the historical past is completely natural after such a change of regime. In a country where after 1945 the (first clandestine,but soon open) dictatorship of the Communist Party made any discussion of the past all but impossible, with the communist view of history being forced on the society, the years of the transition should have brought significant changes in symbolic memory. Yet, looking back on those years, it is surprising how little changed in the first decade after the regime change,and how much a decade later.The failures of the socialist–liberal government, the economic crisis, and the policy of Fidesz are all responsible for the renaissance of extreme rightwing ideas, though not to the same extent. What proved decisive is the elevation of a memory politics that is compatible with Jobbik to the status of state policy—a continuation, in fact, of the slogan “One camp, one banner.”This policy proved to be a success to a certain extent, as today the rightwing interpretation of history dominates in Hungarian society. This politics legitimizes figures who can only be despised in Western Europe. Far from being a temporary phenomenon, the radical shift is more and more marked in Hungary. Similarly to the situation in Poland, a social democratic renaissance is quite unlikely to happen in Hungary any time soon. Neither has the former state party any chance to return to power. As opposed to Poland, however, liberals have no chance either in Hungary—they are not even represented in the parliament any longer. For the time being, only Fidesz is capable of keeping Jobbik at bay. This, however, should not make us forget that there is no clear boundary line between the view of history of the two parties, a fact that is the result of Fidesz’s double-faced policy. Will there be anything to convince voters, fed by dangerous ideological fodder, to use their common sense, and choose a democratic option at the time of crisis and social conflict? The answer to this question is shrouded in obscurity.

Continuity and Transformation

Continuity and Transformation

Author(s): Laura Fasanaro / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Détente;Italy;Italian Communist Party;Cold war;

The question of what East-West détente has meant for middle-sized powers within the Atlantic Alliance in particular remains an open chapter in the history of the Cold War.This chapter analyzes the differences between the détente policies of the government and that of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), from the economic Ostpolitik of the former in the 1960s, championed by both the Christian Democracy Party (DC) and the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), to the ideological challenge of the latter in the 1970s, which eventually culminated in political confrontation between the PCI and Moscow in the1980s.

St. Grgur wonderworker - Protector of Kotromanić and Medieval Bosnia

Sv. Grgur čudotvorac – zaštitnik Kotromanića i srednjovjekovne Bosne

Author(s): Dubravko Lovrenović / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: St Grgur; wonder; Kotromanić; Bosnia; medieval age;

Honouring eastern saint Gregory the Miracle-worker and his state-building role began and spread in mediaeval Bosnia through the schismatic Bosnian Church. Besides its being not papacy-approved, this saint’s recognition as patron of the ruling Kotromanić dynasty came through the establishment of the new territorial Church after the Catholic bishopric see had been transferred from Bosnia to Đakovo in the mid-thirteenth century. This means that it was an autonomous act of the then Bosnian political and ecclesiastical structures in search of a new identity (confessional) form. Thus over a 70-year span, between the bishopric see transfer from Bosnia to Đakovo and Ban Stjepan II Kotromanić’s taking power, beyond Rome’s jurisdiction, St Gregory the Miracle-worker was promoted the Kotromanićes’ patron. The new state Church of Basilian orientation and the dynastic patron whose name is incorporated in the intitulation of Ban Stjepan II, Prince Vladislaus, and Ban Tvrtko I Kotromanić are a notional pair describing the new ecclesiastical and political reality of mediaeval Bosnia and its ruling dynasty respectively. Search of the original sense of this intitulation, which according to the available sources was maintained for 40-odd years (1326/29-1370/74), leads to the Byzantine “commonwealth” area and the world of legitimistic perceptions built under the influence of Byzantine ruling titulature. When in the autumn of 1461 Pope Pius II, after unsuccessful attempts directed from Rome to establish Bosnian Bishopric, proclaimed, i.e. confirmed, St Gregory the Miracle-worker patron of the Bosnian Kingdom, ecclesiastical-political circumstances were radically different, marked by the sending of the Papal Crown to King Stjepan Tomašević (1461-1463). While St Gregory the Miracle-worker, after his official promotion, remained somehow in the background at least in contemporary documents – true, his name was permanently “built” into the court chapel at Trstivnica – another eastern saint was also given his role in the identification of the Bosnian ruling dynasty. On the coins of kings Tvrtko II Tvrtković (1421-1443) and Stjepan Tomaš (1443-1461), featuring is the figure of St Gregory of Naziansus – bishop and close associate and disciple of St Basil, one of the Eastern Church Fathers, the only one granted the title of theologian – Gregory the Theologian (329-388). This clearly points to the establishment of a cult of this (new) eastern saint related, like St Gregory the Miracle-worker’s cult, to the Bosnian Church. This will become clear especially when the figure of St Gregory, pope, instead of St Gregory of Naziansus, appears on the coins of King Tomaš after his official acceptance of Catholicism in 1445 – when one of the Eastern Church Fathers was replaced by one of the four Latin Church Fathers. This time once more arbitration was with the new ecclesiastical political paradigm represented in a new symbol. Despite the fact that after Tvrtko I its deceased kings were considered saints, mediaeval Bosnia did not develop the ideal of the king-saint in the form established in the countries of West and East-central Europe. This means that in Bosnia the king-saint ideal, like in the case of ruling intitulation referring to St Gregory the Miracle-worker, remained limited to the internal use. Thus the Bosnian ecclesiastical-political contorted paradigm becomes even more visible, and the need for its fuller scientific evaluation more pronounced.

Economic Position of Serbia in Comparison to the Economies of Other Former Republics Two Decades After the Collapse of SFRY

Stanje srpske privrede u poređenju sa bivšim republikama dvadeset godina nakon raspada SFRJ

Author(s): Isidora Beraha,Sonja Đuričin / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: economic trends; SFRY; transition; gross domestic product; external debt; foreign direct investments; unemployment; foreign trade deficit; comparative analysis

The main objective of the paper is to analyze the economic position of Serbia i. e. to evaluate the current level of development of the Serbian economy in comparison to the economies of the former Yugoslav republics. It is evident that two decades after the collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) former republics are facing rather inconvenient economic trends, of which the most important are unsatisfactory level of actual Gross domestic product (GDP), high unemployment and foreign trade deficits, insufficient foreign direct investments (FDI) and growing indebtedness. Bearing in mind that the above economic trends are caused by different levels of economic development of the individual republics, different political and economic circumstances as well as the dynamics and the way they implemented a comprehensive reform of economic and political life in order to shift from a centrally planned to a market based economy and integrate into the European Union (EU), paper reviews the historical events that followed the disintegration of SFRY and the basic characteristics of the transition of former Yugoslav republics.

BREZNO

BREZNO

Author(s): Richard Lacko / Language(s): Slovak,English / Publication Year: 0

Bells and Magic

Bells and Magic

Author(s): Juraj Gembický / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: magic; bells; culture; supernatural; rituals;

Bells are used in different world cultures as musical and cult-instruments for calling people and supernatural beings together, they serve in performing of religious or profane rituals and ceremonies and in many other similar functions or purposes. The traditions of using bells are very ancient features of human cultures. They have been used for religious purposes already in Assyria, Babylonia and Egypt. In ancient time they had also decorative and apotropaic functions as we can see from amulets, excavations of horse- and cattle-bells, etc.

Media Socialization in the Context of Education and Lifelong Learning

Медийната социализация в контекста на ученето през целия живот

Author(s): Valentina Milenkova,Georgi Apostolov / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: media socialization; education; lifelong learning

Desk research

Desk research

Author(s): Marta Makowska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Julia Kristeva and the History of Bulgarian Women’s Literature: Narratives of Transposition

Julia Kristeva and the History of Bulgarian Women’s Literature: Narratives of Transposition

Author(s): Miglena Nikolchina / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: transposition; Elisaveta Bagriana; Dora Gabe; Bulgarian singing; mother;

In what follows I will try to outline the specific characteristics that defined and established Bulgarian w omen’s literary history in the light of Julia Kristeva’s theoretical preoccupations. I believe that the success of the Bulgarian literary ‘mothers ’ Dora Gabe (1886-1983) and Elisaveta Bagriana (1893-1991) as producers of women’s literary history is a vital element of some of Kristeva’s major theoretical concerns. From this point of view, Kristeva is a direct descendent (‘the faithful daughter’, to quote ‘Descendent’, one of Bagriana’s poems) - in a different language and in a different form of discourse - o f her Bulgarian mothers. And yet, my reading of Gabe and Bagriana is Kristevan - and hence makes them the product rather than the antecedent of Kristeva. This clearly suggests a circularity, which I will resolve here by simply surrendering temporal considerations. I will turn instead to the narrative (the unfolding in time) o f a spatial operation that has been described by Kristeva as transposition.

From Border to Icon

From Border to Icon

Author(s): Biljana Dojčinović / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

The first novel by the contemporary Serbian woman author Ljubica Arsić, Čuvari kazačke ivice (Guardians of the Kazak Border), was published in 1988 and reprinted in 1997 and 2002. However, due to a set of various unfavorable circumstances, it remained almost unknown to a wider audience until the second reprint. The novel’s relative unfamiliarity may partly be attributed to the fact that at the time of its first publication there existed no appropriate theoretical language or framework to adequately account for its nomadic spirit. Unlike Guardians of the Kazak Border, Arsić’s second novel, Ikona (Icon), published in 2001, aroused immediate interest amongst readers, critics and the media, winning one prize when only in draft and another after publication. There was a lapse of thirteen years between the publication of these novels, during which time important political, ideological and economic changes took place. Although it seems tempting to ascribe the differences between them to this fact, the situation is much more complicated and interesting.

Exploring Embodied Identities in Contemporary Estonian Fiction and Drama by Women

Exploring Embodied Identities in Contemporary Estonian Fiction and Drama by Women

Author(s): Leena Kurvet-Käosaar / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

My article offers an insight into the representation of women’s bodily experience and the textual articulation of cultural meanings inscribed on the female body in Estonian fiction and drama by women in the 1990’s. Rather than attempting to provide a general overview of the representation of the female body in the literature of the period, I will take a closer look at three authors whose work has placed the contained, vulnerable and frustrated female body at the heart of sociocultural practices in Estonian society and history in various contexts and frameworks. The three texts I wish to discuss differ greatly in terms of genre, cultural context and the generation the authors belong to as well as in terms of what aspects of the body are highlighted and how these are formally executed. However, I believe that the three texts illuminate relevant and diverse issues relating not only to the literary representation of the female body in the post-Soviet era but, more importantly, to the much larger issues relating to body politics in post-Soviet society in general.

Annexes

Annexes

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: annexes; North–South Gas Corridor; maps; corridor interconnectors; energy policy; Visegrad Group V4;

On the Concept of “Maritime Spaces”

За понятието "морски пространства"

Author(s): Elisaveta Kalinova-Panova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: maritime spaces; legal acts; international legal regulation; law-making

The concept of "maritime spaces" is included in various normative legal acts of the national legal system of the Republic of Bulgaria. When examining its use, it is found that the concept is often applied as aggregate category, without taking into account the specificity of individual zones and spaces, included in it. This presentation provides an insight into the use of the concept 'maritime spaces' in several key legal acts related to the subject matter. A refinement of the domestic legal system in the direction of synchronisation of wills of the legislator with Bulgaria's obligations under international treaties would help avoid the creation of legal preconditions for allowing contradictory interpretation of individual provisions. An unambiguous interpretation in the spirit of national traditions in law-making and jurisprudence and in accordance with international legal regulation would help to guarantee the uniform application of law, which is a generally accepted characteristic of the “rule of law”, based on law as an “art for the good and fair”.

TIMELESS CONTEMPLATION ABOVE THE TWO IMPORTANT ATLASES CREATED IN BRNO

NADČASOVÉ ROZJÍMÁNÍ NAD DVĚMA VÝZNAMNÝMI ATLASY VYTVOŘENÝMI V BRNĚ

Author(s): Milan Viturka,Jiří Vystoupil / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: atlas; environment; tourism;

The main objective of this paper is to provide significant information on the development of selected phenomena interpreted in two original atlases – Atlas of life environment and health of the population of the CSFR (published in 1992) and Tourism atlas of the Czech Republic (published in 2006) since their release. These atlases were elaborated under the leadership of long-time employees of the ESF and in accordance with their domestic and foreign professional award (as evidenced by the many citations of both works) it can be classified as basic information resources for research and practice in given fields. Completely irreplaceable is then their role in evaluating the corresponding components of social development (with significant linkages especially to regional and environmental policy). It is also necessary to mention the benefits for the development of research methodology and interpretation of the results including the use of computer graphics.