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Politics: Independent, With an Asterisk

Politics: Independent, With an Asterisk

Author(s): David Mould / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/12/2011

Keywords: Kazakhstan; OSCE; presidential election; election observers; International Tax and Investment Center; President Nursultan Nazarbaev; Davos World Economic Forum; multinational corporations; sponsors; Ernst & Young; KPMG; Competition Protection Agency; OSC

Where most election monitors in Kazakhstan saw red flags, members of a smaller group saw “a success story.”

The Fallacy of de facto Independent Candidacy in Tanzania: A Rejoinder

The Fallacy of de facto Independent Candidacy in Tanzania: A Rejoinder

Author(s): Alexander Boniface Makulilo / Language(s): English / Issue: 02/2012

Keywords: elections; de facto independent candidacy; Tanzania

The independent candidate question in Tanzania has, since 1992, remained a subject of debate among political parties, judiciary, parliament, executive, the attorney general’s chamber, academics, civil societies, and election observers. The issue of this debate is whether or not independent candidates should be introduced in the electoral system. The ruling party and its government have been against the independent candidates on the ground that it would jeopardize the entire electoral system. The purpose of this article is twofold. First is to present my rejoinder to the issues raised by Frank Mateng’e’s article “Protesting the Independent Candidacy in Tanzania’s Elections: A Bona Fide Cause?” concerning one of my earlier works about the independent candidate issue in Tanzania. Second, I engage the contribution of Mateng’e to the independent candidate debates. This entails also interrogating his concept of “de facto independent candidacy”.

THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE JEWS IN THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF CROATIA

THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE JEWS IN THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF CROATIA

Author(s): Jure Krišto / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2007

Keywords: Catholic Church; Jews; Independent State of Croatia; Ustaše

In this essay the author examined the steps taken by the authorities in the NDH against the Jews and the attitude of the clergy toward these laws. He also discussed the suffering experienced by those who were persecuted. However, he did not go over the abundant literature on this subject, for the latter was largely influenced by communist, anti-ecclesiastical propaganda and by a historiography that never managed to break free of anti-Catholic prejudice. Therefore, he concentrated on documents, particularly those of the Church, for it was these that have been largely ignored by most historians and other writers.

Georgia: A Strange Definition of Independent

Georgia: A Strange Definition of Independent

Author(s): Oleg Panfilov / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/21/2009

Keywords: Georgia; Rose Revolution; media; Mikheil Saakashvili's government; Eduard Shevardnadze; TV; Imedi; Maestro; Kavkasia; Badri Patarkatsishvili; OSCE; Adam Michnik; journalists; post-Soviet nation; independent; law; Rustavi 2; Channel One;

Georgia’s media combine a liberal operating environment with a Soviet-era approach to facts and balance.

Independent fiscal institutions as a tool of fiscal governance

Independent fiscal institutions as a tool of fiscal governance

Author(s): Ryta Dziemianowicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2014

Keywords: fiscal policy; fiscal discipline; fiscal council; fiscal transparency

The recent economic crisis, one of the symptoms of which is a sudden increase of public debt in the majority of OECD countries, again made the government and the society aware of the necessity for conducting transparent, but also responsible fiscal policy. Creating a framework of the fiscal discipline responsible fiscal policy started to be perceived as an essential condition of effective governance leading to reduce budget deficit and public debt. The independent fiscal institutions may be included into regulations supporting public finance management. Their fundamental aim is to reduce the related risk of conducting the irresponsible fiscal policy, monitoring it, controlling deficit and assessing long-term effects of government action in this area. The purpose of this article is to present independent fiscal institutions and evaluate their usefulness in enhancing the effectiveness of the fiscal policy and stabilizing public finance. Experiences of the EU and OECD countries were used in the analysis.

Montenegro as an Independent Country

Montenegro as an Independent Country

Author(s): Miodrag Vlahović / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/2006

The Minister of Foreign Affairs of newly independent Montenegro underscores in his speech the impressive fact that the 21 May 2006 referendum on Montenegro’s independence has not only resulted in a clear vote for independence but also had functioned in a peaceful and democratic way. Political forces in Montenegro that have been deeply divided over the issue of independence should now be reconciled and concentrate on issues of common interest, like the integration into the EU, NATO and regional structures. Concerning relations with the EU, the Minister calls for an early continuation of the SAA talks, as it was not Montenegro that was responsible for the suspension of the talks with Serbia and Montenegro. Concerning the second priority of Montenegrin foreign policy – integration into the PfP and NATO – the need for a basic reform of the military sector is obvious. Another priority of foreign policy is seen in re-establishing friendly and open relations with Serbia. Bi-lateral problems that have emerged after the “divorce” of the two republics, like for example the access to education infrastructure and the rights of diplomats having served in the diplomatic network of the State Union, are foreseen as being solved in the very near future.

Principles of Independent Anarchistic Ethics in the Doctrine of Peter Kropotkin

Principles of Independent Anarchistic Ethics in the Doctrine of Peter Kropotkin

Author(s): Katarzyna Duda / Language(s): English / Issue: 14/2015

Keywords: ethics; mutual aid; egalitarism; utopianism

Kropotkin's philosophy is a creative modification of such ethical programs as individualism, nihilism, social Darwinism and naturalistic utilitarianism. His ethics convictions are completely free from religious assumptions. He suggested mutual help and cooperation for survival, because without solidarity of an individual and his species, animal world would neither develop, nor improve. Struggle for survival as defined by Kropotkin is the need for inner-species alliance, cooperation for survival. In this context, fight for survival should be understood as fight through cooperation, cooperation becomes a weapon.

Brutal Assaults at Independent Agencies

Brutal Assaults at Independent Agencies

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English / Issue: 114/2015

Želimir Žilnik and Eastern European independent cinema

Želimir Žilnik and Eastern European independent cinema

Author(s): Ewa Mazierska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 22/2013

Keywords: Independent cinema; transnational cinema; Eastern European cinema; critical media; cultural industries; Marxism;

In my paper I will discuss the career of, a director born in 1942 in Nis in Yugoslavia, whose career, spanning over forty years and Yugoslavia, West Germany and Serbia, excellently illustrates the concepts of independent and transnational cinema and their interface. Žilnik’s career well illustrates the advantages and pitfalls of “independent filmmaking”, especially in the context of Eastern Europe. Hence, in my paper, I will use his case to examine this concept, drawing on Marx and Marxist thought, such as the critique of the “culture industry” by Horkheimer and Adorno and the concept of “critical media” by Christian Fuchs, and the history of Eastern Europe and its cinema, with its figure of “artist-dissident” and the specific case of Yugoslavia. My main point is that there is no “independent cinema” in absolute terms; cinema can only be independent from something, hence ‘independent cinema’ means different things in different cultural contexts.

Independent auditing effect on investment decisions of institutional investors

Independent auditing effect on investment decisions of institutional investors

Author(s): Atila Karkacıer,Fatih Coşkun Ertaş / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2017

Keywords: Institutional Investor; Investment Decisions; Independent Audit

It is very important for investors to get accurate and reliable information so that they can earn large amounts of revenue from decisions they make. However, in recent years, population growth, the expansion of the economy and the complexity of economic life have reduced the credibility of the information presented. The need for accurate and reliable information leads to requests for accounting and auditing activities. The independent audit, which increases the credibility of the information provided by the company and the reports it prepares, is also important in terms of investors, lenders and business owners. The aim of this study is to determine whether institutional investors are influenced by independent audit practices and the results of their investment decisions, and if so, how effective they are. In this study, firstly information about institutional investors is given and the factors affecting investment decisions are mentioned. Later, information on auditing was included. In the last part of the study, a questionnaire was applied to the managers of institutional investors consisting of banks, brokerage houses, investment trusts and portfolio management companies registered in the Turkish Capital Markets Association (TCMA) to investigate whether any independent auditing practices and results had any effect on investment decisions of institutional investors. As a result of the analyzes made, it has been determined that institutional investors consider the independent audit report and its results together with the investment decisions of the independent audit financial tables and have effects on their decisions.

THE INDEPENDENT THINKING OF JUSTICE: TO BEGIN WITH THE BANALITY OF EVIL

THE INDEPENDENT THINKING OF JUSTICE: TO BEGIN WITH THE BANALITY OF EVIL

Author(s): Shuang Zhang / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2017

Keywords: the banality of evil; radical evil; justice

Hannah Arendt’s concept “the banality of evil” was subverted by Bettina Stangneth’s recent research. But with the concept of the banality of evil, the inherent continuity of her “radical evil,” Arendt enriched the discourse of evil which allows us to gain insight into the relationship between evil and ordinary human beings. At the same time, Arendt also raised the question about law, ethics and politics when evil was put to justice. In fact, what she cares about, is justice to everyone; what she wants is to under-stand the evil and to make her own critical thinking about it.

Lessons from the past for weapons of the future

Lessons from the past for weapons of the future

Author(s): Neringa Mickeviciute / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: International humanitarian law; Lethal autonomous weapons; Weapons regulation; Prohibition of weapons; Principles of IHL Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons; Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion;

One of the key postulates of modern law of armed conflict or international humanitarian law (IHL) is that the choice of weapons by fighting parties is not unlimited. Thus, in order to ensure excessive harm is not inflicted, certain weapons are prohibited or their use is restricted. Although every case is quite unique, limitations related to weapons attest to the fact that effects of ordinary use of those weapons were deemed incompatible with the requirements of IHL. This article examines the potential for regulation of lethal autonomous weapons, while at the same time drawing upon lessons from the past. The analysis covers various ways how IHL restricts the choice of means of warfare – formal regulation, application of customary rules and principles to a weapon, and legal weapons review – all of which offer valuable insights on how to accommodate rising legal uncertainty over autonomous weapons. In this respect, the ‘headliner’ of World War II, the nuclear weapon, serves as an exceptional example that some weapons bring about unparalleled regulatory challenges. Like atom bomb, lethal autonomous weapons mark revolutionary changes in warfare. Yet, this article is to confirm applicability and adaptability of IHL to any new weapon, including an autonomous one.

The Gazprom Case: Lessons of the Past For the Future

The Gazprom Case: Lessons of the Past For the Future

Author(s): Justina Nasutavičienė,Dalia Višinskienė / Language(s): English / Issue: 16/2017

Keywords: Commitments; concentrations; EU competition law; Law on Competition of the Republic of Lithuania; Merger Regulation; the Gazprom case

Under the EU Merger Regulation, if the Commission has concerns that a merger may significantly affect competition in the European Union, the merging companies may propose modifications to the project that would guarantee continued competition on the market. The Commission may declare a concentration compatible with the common market following such a modification by the parties and attach to its decision conditions and obligations intended to ensure that the undertakings comply with the commitments. In other words, commitments have to be offered by the parties but the Commission may introduce conditions and obligations if they are required to ensure the enforceability of commitments. Meanwhile the scope to propose merger modifications and the level of discretion of the competition authority are quite different under the Law on Competition of the Republic of Lithuania, adopted almost two decades ago. The goal of this paper is to reveal those differences and, with the help of the jurisprudence of the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania in the Gazpromcase, to explain how this may impact future cases.

Independent bodies as a model of organization of the public administration

Independent bodies as a model of organization of the public administration

Author(s): Borče Davitkovski,Ana Pavlovska-Daneva,Ivana Shumanovska-Spasovska,Elena Davitkovska / Language(s): English / Issue: 16/2018

Keywords: independent organs; regulatory bodies; agencies; public administration; separation of powers;

We live in a time when the number of regulatory bodies or independent agencies or so-called parastatal organs is continually growing and gaining momentum as a part of a country’s system of governance. In particular, in the Republic of Macedonia, in the period from 2002, around 24 independent organs have been established with the legislation, which shows that this is not only an actual topic for research and writing but also that there is an actual need for an in-depth study for the purpose of establishing these organs. Simply put, is their establishment in the legal system a necessity or a trend. Hence, the subjects of research in this paper are the reasons or the factors that contribute to the formation of the independent organs, their position in the system of government organization and the distinction between the independent state organs, the regulatory bodies and the independent organs of the state administration. Taking into consideration the fact that through the formation of these organs a new model of exercising public authorization has been developed, a question whether these organs are a new model of organization of the public administration is being raised. A model that enables the decentralisation of certain competencies for which have been the state administration concern so far, and for which the state administration now becomes only an execution controller. All this in order to enable a more efficient, more qualified and depoliticised execution of the public interest services. To achieve the aim of the research in the paper we used historical method, comparative method and normative method.

The Catholic Church and the Idea of Independent Croatian State

The Catholic Church and the Idea of Independent Croatian State

Author(s): Irina Ognyanova-Krivoshieva / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-2/2020

Keywords: Catholic Church; Ustashas; Independent State of Croatia; extreme nationalism;

The article deals with the support of the idea of an independent Croatian state by the Croatian Catholic hierarchy in the interwar and the war period (1929–1945). That was very different from the approval of the created by the Nazis in 1941 Independent State of Croatia (ISC), in which the Ustasha government practiced the most extreme nationalistic policy – extermination of whole ethno-national groups in the country (such as Serbs, Jews, and Gypsies). Part of the hierarchy could not stay away from the national question, which was predominant for the Croats in the whole interwar period and supported the illegal separatist Ustasha nationalistic movement. The act of establishment of the ISC in April 1941 was openly welcomed by the Church. The Ustasha power was Croatian in national terms and Catholic in religious aspect. Some of the clergy, especially the lower, but even some representatives of the higher hierarchy went too far, participating in the structures and policy of the regime. But the Church, as an institution, led by the Zagreb Archbishop A. Stepinac was against any persecution of people on the basis of ethnos, nation, religion, or race. The reason the higher hierarchy did not publicly condemn the regime was the fact its alternative in the war period was the Great-Serbian or Communist dictatorship.

A CROSS-CUTTING VIEW OF WARSAW INDEPENDENT THEATRE SCENE

A CROSS-CUTTING VIEW OF WARSAW INDEPENDENT THEATRE SCENE

Author(s): Zuzana Timčíková / Language(s): English / Issue: 03/2020

Keywords: Teatr Polonia; Klub komediowy; Teatr WARSawy; Komuna Warszawa; independent theatre; Warsaw;

The study gives a picture of the contemporary independent theatre scene in Warsaw. On a representative sample of four independent theatres (Teatr Polonia, Klub komediowy, Teatr WARSawy, Komuna Warszawa), it illustrates the diversity of the operation and artistic orientation of theatres across an independent, non-institutionalised Warsaw theatre scene. On the basis of certain phenomena which have surfaced in selected theatres when it comes to their dramaturgy and internal organisation, in conclusion, the authoress marginally touches upon the similarities and differences between Polish (Warsaw) and Slovak independent theatre.

INDEPENDENT VIDEOGAMES: CULTURES, NETWORKS, TECHNIQUES AND POLITICS

INDEPENDENT VIDEOGAMES: CULTURES, NETWORKS, TECHNIQUES AND POLITICS

Author(s): Juraj Kovalčík / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: review;

Review of: RUFFINO, P. (ed.): Independent Videogames: Cultures, Networks, Techniques and Politics. London, New York : Routledge, 2021. 302 p. ISBN 978-0-367-33620-2.

Independent Film for Solidarity of Traumas in the Cinema of Turkey

Independent Film for Solidarity of Traumas in the Cinema of Turkey

Author(s): Fatma Edemen / Language(s): English / Issue: 116/2021

Keywords: independent film; memory studies; multidirectional memory; travelling memory; postmemory;

Michael Rothberg introduced the concept of multidirectional memory in Multidirectional Memory: Remembering the Holocaust in the Age of Decolonization (2009). Later, many other scholars used his idea to analyze works of art, including films. Although multidirectional memory generally focuses on the possibility of establishing solidarity between memories/traumas that are geographically or culturally distant from each other, in this article it will be argued that this concept is also crucial within coexisting multicultural and multitraumatic societies. The concept of multidirectional memory, and subsequently concepts such as travelling memory and postmemory, will be examined through the analysis of an independent production from Turkey, Özcan Alper’s film Future Lasts Forever (Gelecek Uzun Sürer, 2011). With the help of critical film analysis, the multidirectional memory of Turkey’s traumatic past will be discussed as an opportunity to practice solidarity.

The Social Model of Disability, the Independent Living, and the Idea of ‘Care’

The Social Model of Disability, the Independent Living, and the Idea of ‘Care’

Author(s): Teodor Mladenov / Language(s): English / Issue: 55/2021

Keywords: social model of disability; independent living; ethics of care; UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; Bulgaria

This article discusses the relationships between three concepts that are key for contemporary disability policies: social model of disability, independent living, and care. The first part explores the impact of the social model and independent living on the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, as well as the conflict between the social model and independent living, on the one hand, and the idea of ‘care’, on the other. This conflict is addressed by making recourse to studies of the ‘ethics of care’ and by introducing a distinction between ‘paternalist care’ and ‘egalitarian care’. In the second part of the article, these concepts are used in an analysis of contemporary Bulgarian disability policies. This includes a critique of the barriers to the independent living faced by disabled people in Bulgaria, and more specifically, of the continuing institutionalization of disabled Bulgarians, the lack of adequate personal assistance, the difficulties with providing access to inclusive education for disabled children, and the medical assessment of disability. The conclusion emphasizes that the approach of ‘paternalist care’ still dominates in Bulgarian disability policies. This significantly complicates the attempts to apply the ‘ethics of care’ in the Bulgarian context in a way that affirms disabled people’s rights.

Pedagogical Philosophy as a New Independent Scientific Theory

Pedagogical Philosophy as a New Independent Scientific Theory

Author(s): Vitalii Kurylo,Olena Karaman,Nataliya Kurylo / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: pedagogical philosophy; philosophy of education; logical foundations; educational space;

The challenges of the modern, global, fast-changing world require that theoreticians and practitioners in the sphere of education should focus their efforts not only on finding innovative forms, methods and technologies of teaching, but also on reconsidering the entire philosophy of organization and functioning of the educational space, which inevitably leads to the need of developing a new independent scientific and pedagogical theory – pedagogical philosophy. Comparing pedagogical philosophy with the philosophy of education (teaching), defining the subject and object of the new pedagogical science, the author formulates its main elements: a) the leading ideas; b) the basic concepts and categories; c) the fundamental laws and regularities; d) the main principles and rules of application of the theory in practice during the organization of educational processes in real time. The main ideas of the new theory of pedagogical philosophy are as follows: The idea of recognizing the life of the younger generation and each individual person as the main and leading value of the entire educational space that has been built or is currently being built; The idea of showing an essential and constant concern of the adult generation for the conditions, development and strengthening of the comprehensive health of the younger generation at all the stages of their maturation; The idea of introducing psychological and pedagogical, socio-pedagogical and philosophical-pedagogical favoring for a free development and maturation of the younger generation and each individual person in real time in the educational space; The idea of the imperative of restricting, at all levels of educational administration, permissive, prohibitive and controlling functions and expanding organizational and search-and-creative ones, focused on the protection of comprehensive health of the younger generations and the introduction of constructive processes in their real life by fully suppressing and limiting the destructive ones.