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HUMAN RIGHTS

LJUDSKA PRAVA

Author(s): Saša Madacki / Language(s): Bosnian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: political participation; human rights; term; idea; history; bibliography;

Cilj ovog rada je polaznicima Akademije političkog liderstva ponuditi pregledan uvod u proučavanje oblasti ljudskih prava uvidom u dostupnu literaturu, kao dopunu predavanjima i razgovorima na Akademiji. Naime, u toku nastave na Akademiji, polaznicima je predstavljen uvod u ljudska prava u nekoliko tematskih cjelina. U okviru ovih tematskih cjelina diskutiran je istorijski aspekt ljudskih prava, geneza ideje ljudskih prava od Kirovog cilindra, preko Magne Charte Libertatum (1215) i Deklaracije o pravima građanina i čovjeka (1789), pa sve do Evropske konvencije o ljudskim pravima i osnovnim slobodama. Pored diskusije o institucionalnom pristupu ljudskim pravima, snažan akcent je stavljen na moć pojedinca da mijenja neželjeno u društvu. Diskutirani su podvizi heroja ljudskih prava Gandija, Kinga, Mandele i hWeroina Rose Parks, majke Tereze. Otvoren je pogled i na drugu stranu medalje, diskutirano je o prezentiranim dokazima s tribunala (pisma Raschera Himleru, Himlera Bracku, te prof. Clauberga Himleru o eksperimentiranju nad Jevrejima u koncentracionim logorima) u Nürnbergu, koji su služili kao podloga diskusiji o nacističkim zločinima, te kako je zapravo ishod tog suđenja u procesu protiv ljekara u koncentracionim logorima izrodio kodekse medicinske etike kakvu danas poznajemo. Nakon toga prezentirani su koncepti pozitivnih i prirodnih prava.

Electoral Systems and National Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe: a Dilemma in Five Paradigms Revisited

Electoral Systems and National Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe: a Dilemma in Five Paradigms Revisited

Author(s): Carlos Flores Juberías / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Some ten years ago, and within the framework of a collective reflection on the politics of national minority participation in post-communist Europe, I proposed a classification of the diverse ways in which the electoral laws of these countries were addressing the problem of the parliamentary representation of ethnic minorities. In that essay, I argued that formulas contained in these electoral laws had swung from the extreme hostility of those prohibiting the creation of ethnically based parties to the inclusiveness of those where ethnicity had been converted into the very basis of political representation, going through a wide range of intermediate strategies like hindering that representation, being indifferent towards it, facilitating it in practice and providing legal guarantees for it. Now, in a context in which democracy is already consolidated, the legacy of the Balkan wars is gradually disappearing, and ten of these countries are already part of the EU, it is easy to anticipate that the perception of what should be an adequate treatment for national minorities in electoral laws should have substantially changed. On the basis of the above-mentioned paradigms, this paper examines the manners in which these laws have changed their treatment of national minorities, it seeks to give an explanation as to why these changes have taken place, and it tries to assess their implications in the parliamentary representation of minorities – and, even more, in its social and political integration – through the region.

A CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH TO STRATEGIC CULTURES OF CHINA AND INDIA TOWARDS SOUTH ASIA: ORIGINS, MANIFESTATIONS, AND IMPACT ON REGIONAL SECURITY

A CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH TO STRATEGIC CULTURES OF CHINA AND INDIA TOWARDS SOUTH ASIA: ORIGINS, MANIFESTATIONS, AND IMPACT ON REGIONAL SECURITY

Author(s): Shakaib RAFIQUE / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Strategic Culture; Constructivism; Hindutva; Arthshastra; Confucian; Hegemony.

The notion of strategic culture has gained pivotal significance in terms of foreignpolicy behaviors of Nation States today. This concept, coined by Jack Snyder, stands at the coreof comprehending the nature of inter-state relations and therefore serves as the crux of theforeign policy behaviors of modern Nation States. The notion of strategic culture hasconstructivist roots on one side, while on the other side it serves a blow to the ‘rational choicetheory’ as well. This paper is essentially aimed at employing the constructivist approach forunderstanding the constitutive elements of the strategic cultures of China and India towardsSouth Asia. This paper establishes that the roots of the strategic cultures of China and Indiatowards South Asia are essentially premised on their peculiar historical experiences,ideologies, notions and beliefs of their leadership towards the region. Furthermore, thestrategic cultures of both these countries are also guided by the “We” vs. “Others” notionsthat form the central core of a constructivist paradigm. The paper then argues that it is owingto the above characteristics that the strategic cultures of China and India differ so much fromeach other.

TOWARDS A TYPOLOGY OF ARMED CONFLICT

TOWARDS A TYPOLOGY OF ARMED CONFLICT

Author(s): Zinaida Shevchuk / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Armed conflict; violence; International relations; conflict typology;

The end of the bipolar world has resulted in the emergence of the “new disorder” in which interstate violence has become less of a concern, whereas intrastate conflicts that have increased across the globe have occupied the attention of the international policy making and academic communities. In this chapter, I will develop a conceptual framework for studying and understanding armed conflict. The objective is to shed light on the contested narratives about conflict phenomena. Typological theorizing provides a rich depiction of phenomena and brings more nuanced and explicit distinction to the understanding of heterogenic aspects of armed conflicts.

The Professional Adequacy and the Performance of the Employee. Differences and Similarities

The Professional Adequacy and the Performance of the Employee. Differences and Similarities

Author(s): Ioana Cristina Cristescu / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: performance; professional inadequacy; evaluation criteria; objectives; dismissal;

The career path of the employee is complex and not without risks. Thus, achieving performance becomes the very reason for establishing individual employment relationships, as they determine the collective performance of the organization and determine the success of the business. Therefore, the concern for performance is present at all times preceding the employment, during the probation period and during the execution of the individual employment agreement and culminates with the solution of a supreme dilemma when dismissing for professional inadequacy. The Labour Code itself requires various interpretations and clarifications in order to be able to transpose the concepts regarding employee performance. Therefore, the present study critically examines the doctrine in the matter, compares the legal texts and interpretation solutions of the courts and applies the common sense of human resources management to determine the way to be followed where the legislator is silent. Thus, the conclusion is clear that at all stages of the employment relationship the employer has in view the performance of the employee, but the objectives, criteria, methods of assessment and measurement are different, depending on the purpose of its evaluation and legal consequences and from the perspective of human resources management. The result of this study is a set of benchmarks regarding the evaluation of the performance and the evaluation of the professional adequacy, the interferences and delimitations between them and other related institutions, interpreted in a multidisciplinary context.

SECURITY APPROACHES OF THE THEORIES OF NEOREALISM AND NEOLIBERALISM AND SYRIA POLICIES IN THE ARAB REVOLUTIONS

NEOREALİZM VE NEOLİBERALİZM KURAMLARININ GÜVENLİK YAKLAŞIMLARI VE ARAP DEVRİMLERİNDE SURİYE POLİTİKALARI

Author(s): İsmail Ermağan,Aybars Karci / Language(s): Turkish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: political theory; neorealism; security; neoliberalism; Syria; Arab revolutions; policy; international relations;

Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplini, Siyaset Bilimi’nin bir dalı olarak, devletler ya da uluslararası-uluslarüstü kuruluşların davranışlarına yönelik araştırmalar yapmaktadır. Hedeflerinden biri; savaş, çatışma, güvenlik vb. konuları yerel-bölgesel-küresel ölçeklerde analiz etmek ve genel çıkarımlar sunmaktır. Bu işlevi gerçekleştirirken çeşitli hipotezler kurgulanmakta-sınanmakta, farklı farklı kuramlar kullanılmaktadır. Rusya’nın Kırım’ı ilhakı, Kuzey Kore’nin füze denemeleri, yumuşamaya başlayan Küba-ABD ya da yumuşamış İran-Batı ilişkileri gibi herhangi bir uluslararası ilişkiler gelişmesinin teorik olarak çerçevelenmesi, konunun bilimsel bir yapıda irdelenmesi anlamı taşımaktadır. Bu da ilgili kişilerin ilintili konuları okuma yeteneğini arttırmakta, böylece örneğin daha doğru devlet politikalarının oluşmasına katkı vermektedir.

Charlotte Salomon and her work on life contrary to history

Charlotte Salomon i jej praca nad życiem wbrew historii

Author(s): Katarzyna Bojarska / Language(s): Polish,German / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Holocaus; trauma; postmemory; Marianne Hirsch

The book presents various aspects of literary representations of post-Holocaust trauma in texts of Polish and German literature. The phenomena of transgenerational memory transmission or – as Marianne Hirsh puts it – "postmemory" are an important element of the author’s reflections.

Pages from the Romanian Military Thinking. The Political-Strategic Vision on (Northern) Dobrogea: 1878-1913

Pages from the Romanian Military Thinking. The Political-Strategic Vision on (Northern) Dobrogea: 1878-1913

Author(s): George Ungureanu / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: borders; internal vulnerabilities; external threats; projects; actions; evolutions;

Starting from the complexity of the defence and national security field, this article, basedon Romanian, Western, Bulgarian and Turkish historiographical contributions, supplementedwith archival military documents, deals with the problem of defence of the right bank Danubeterritory obtained after the Berlin Congress (1878), until the incorporation of SouthernDobrogea (Quadrilateral) in 1913. This article briefly shows the initial Romanian views on theinclusion of Dobrogea, then the measures enforced by the authorities at two levels, namelythe political-diplomatic and military one, and the ethnopolitical one respectively, includingeconomic, social and cultural aspects. The conclusion is that the military measures takenled to limited achievements, mainly due to some objective reasons, but this situation wascounterbalanced by suitable political-diplomatic combinations and options and especially bythe remarkable result of the work aiming to enhance, modernise and colonise the territory.A decisive stage in this respect was that of 1890-1895.

Alexander’s Arabian

Alexander’s Arabian

Author(s): Miriam A. Bibby / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Alexander I, King of Scotland; Scotland; St Andrews; Arabicus; foundation; Arabian; horse; oryx;unicorn;

In 1121, Alexander I, King of Scotland, is said to have donated an equine (“donationis monumentum regium equum Arabicum”) to the church at St Andrews along with other rare and costly gifts. It was led to the altar during a ceremony that reinforced the status of St Andrews as a religious center and emphasized its relationship with the Scottish crown. Some modern commentators take it to be the first reference to an Arabian horse in Britain. There is no further reference to an Arabian horse as an “equus Arabicus” for several hundred years. What animal was presented at St Andrews?

Magic and Disbelief in Carolingian Lyon

Magic and Disbelief in Carolingian Lyon

Author(s): Michael D. Bailey / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Agobard of Lyon; Carolingian church; disenchantment; hail; reform; skepticism; unbelief; weather magic

The Middle Ages are often associated with credulity, especially toward magic, compared to modern Western society, which is often regarded as thoroughly disenchanted. Yet not all medieval people believed unhesitatingly in all magical practices. The early ninth-century Carolingian archbishop Agobard of Lyon described a remarkable system of weather-magic widely believed by people in his diocese of which he was completely skeptical. He justified his disbelief through references to biblical texts, but this study argues that his disbelief was grounded in his own encounters with and investigations of these magical practices, and focused only on certain elements within them.

MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS IN DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS’ COGNITIVE STRUCTURES ABOUT THE SAPONIFICATION REACTION

MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS IN DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS’ COGNITIVE STRUCTURES ABOUT THE SAPONIFICATION REACTION

Author(s): Mónica Baptista,Iva Martins,Teresa Conceição / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: multiple representations; cognitive structures; word association test; saponification reaction

The purpose of this research was to know what the effect of the use of multiple representations (MR) was in the development of the students' cognitive structures. This research was conducted in three Grade 12 classes, in a total of 68 students. A Word Association Test (WAT) was used as data collection instrument. The results from WAT show that students’ cognitive structures progressed from pre-test to pos-test, with an increase in the number of response words and connections between words.

Forget Evil – The Path to Reconciliation or One of the Specific Ways to Deny Genocide against Bosniaks

Zaboraviti zlo – put ka pomirenju ili jedan od specifičnih načina negiranja genocida nad Bošnjacima

Author(s): Muamer Džananović / Language(s): Bosnian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina; continuity of crimes; genocide against Bosniaks; denial of genocide; forgetting evil; memory of evil;

It is not a novus in scientific and public discourse to insist on forgetting the “burdening” past. Just as Friedrich Nietzsche did not find anything valuable in the memory of evil, believing that turning back turns us against life, so also lately, at the time of the strongest wave of genocide denial against Bosniaks, there are tendencies in public discourse that victims should forget evil committed against them. The oblivion is presented as a precondition for the way forward, the way to a common and better future, the way to development of the state and society of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is forgotten that evil is “repetitive” as Hannah Arendt says regardless of the punishment. Once a specific crime occurs, its recurrence is much more likely than the possibility of its occurrence. The continuity of the centuries-long recurrence of crimes against Bosniaks, which is in fact a matter of the identity of the state and society of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also of Bosniaks as victims, is an adequate example and proof of this attitude. The continuity of the centuries-long recurrence of crimes against Bosniaks, which in fact represents a matter of the identity of the Bosnian state and society, but also of Bosniaks as victims, is an adequate example and proof of this attitude. Consequently, in this paper we will look at (un)conscious ways and methods of denying genocide against Bosniaks, identify new methods of denial, certain deviance dealing in the aftermath genocide, but also to give recommendations in which direction the study of genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina should go in order to adequately remember it, and finally stop the evil of genocide against Bosniaks that has lasted for several centuries.

Swearing and Laughter

Psovka i smijeh

Author(s): Ivana Mikulić / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: swearing; smješnice; everyday life; Dubrovnik

The paper examines the relationship between two marginal phenomena in the Croatian literatury studies, swearing and laughter. Swearing is a speech genre determined by the obscene and vulgar expressions associated with sex organs or anal bodily area contextualized in the so-called negative values of contemporary culture. On the other hand, laughter is the main point of the comedy that is lower positioned and very often neglected in the hierarchy of genres. However, swearing in Bakhtin’s concept of grotesque realism is an affirmative and positive phenomenon that has contributed to the creation of a free carnival atmosphere and other, material bodily, ridiculous aspect of the world. For a long time Croatian comedies of the second half of the 17th century (smješnice) were on the verge of literary history studies. In this paper we are primarily interested in smješnice because they belong to the carnival type of ceremonial-representational forms of the culture of folk humor, with swearing as its integral part. The study analyses swearing in smješnice considering the type (swear words referring to sex and sexuality, insult), the direction of swearing (speaker, listener, third person, inanimate matter, animals) and the domain from which metaphorically-insulting words are taken (body parts, animals, ethnic groups, confessions, inanimate matter, human qualities…). Thus, different types of swear words provide an insight into the literary representation of everyday life in premodern Dubrovnik.

Immigrants in skilled occupations in Brazil: Assessing the factors impacting wages

Immigrants in skilled occupations in Brazil: Assessing the factors impacting wages

Author(s): Renan Gadoni Canaan / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Immigrants in skilled occupations in Brazil; Assessing the factors impacting wages; contemporary economic literature; technologies; innovation; STEM;

According to contemporary economic literature, the capacity of a given country to sustain steady economic growth over time is determined by its capacity to create and absorb new technologies. In turn, this capacity depends on the value of human capital (Romer, 1990; Barro & Lee, 2000). Technological innovation and absorption depend immensely on qualified workers in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields, which are essential for the research, development, and innovation (R&D&I) activities that foster this technological development (Boyd & Tian, 2017). Economies heavily based on STEM professionals exhibit better economic outcomes, increased innovation, and higher levels of job creation (Rothwell, 2013). Therefore, scholars, leaders, and figures in both the private and public sectors mention increasing the STEM workforce as a top priority for economic development (Landivar, 2013).

Space forces and the purpose of excuse for the militarization of outer space: an international crime against peace

Space forces and the purpose of excuse for the militarization of outer space: an international crime against peace

Author(s): Adnan Jashari,Stefani Stojchevska,Vedije Ratkoceri / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: space force; militarization; Outer Space Treaty; national security; aggression; international crime;

Triggered by the recent establishment of the U.S. Space Force, the concept of developing national space forces raises many questions concerning peace and humanity, which simultaneously contradict the guarantee of peace and safety. It is generally assumed that the militarization of outer space manifested by space forces would represent a symbol of the threatening power and dominance of space-faring nations. Considering outer space as a contemporary war zone, however, would legally represent a violation of the Outer Space Treaty, even though the treaty itself contains major loopholes legally allowing hostile extraterrestrial activities. The main purpose of this paper is to legally analyze the militarization of outer space from two contrasting perspectives: national security versus international crime against peace, where national predispositions that lead to the initiation of extraterrestrial wars of aggression are recognized as international crimes against peace, meaning that space forces would likely run afoul of international space law.

Music and posthuman

Müzik ve Posthüman

Author(s): Elif Aykanat Özcan,Yunus Yapalı / Language(s): Turkish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: music; posthuman; human;

İnsan varoluşundan beri mutlak bir anlam arayışı içindedir. Bu yüzden, kimi zaman doğayla kurduğu ilişkileri, kimi zaman da doğa olaylarını, kendince bir yaklaşımla tanımlama çabasında olmuştur. İnsan, kimi zaman doğayı çözümlemeye çalışırken ondan korkmuş, kimi zaman beslenmiş, kimi zaman onu kutlamış, kimi zaman da onu alt etme arzusu baskın gelmiştir. İnsanın becerilerinin artması, alet yapabilmesi, kullanabilmesi ve sanayi ve teknolojideki atılımlılarla birlikte düşünce biçimi değişmiş, insan bir zamanlar parçası olduğu doğayı ve kendinden başka tüm yaşam formlarını arka plana koyarak, kendini önceleyen bir yapıya bürünmeye başlamıştır.

Between Hope and Destiny in the Young Adult Television Series "Once Upon a Time", Season 5, Episodes 12–21 (2016)

Between Hope and Destiny in the Young Adult Television Series "Once Upon a Time", Season 5, Episodes 12–21 (2016)

Author(s): Elżbieta Olechowska / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Disney animations; Fatum; Greek mythology; hope; redemption; Underworld

"Once Upon a Time" (2011–2018), a seven-season-long television series inspired by fairy tales, especially those from the Disney library, includes ten episodes that dig deeper into the past, reaching the world of Greek mythology, also in its Disneyan variety. Heroes and villains armed with hope struggle for a better future against their destiny and longstanding stereotyped image. The motif of fate – less as an implacable and unavoidable Fatum, and more as the uplifting sense of destiny – is accompanied by the concept of hope, essential for maintaining the interest and viewing pleasure of young audiences.

At School and st Home. Education in The Interwar Banat

La școală și acasă. Educația în Banatul interbelic

Author(s): Mihaela Sitariu / Language(s): Romanian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Romania; Banat; interwar period; education;

Dezvoltarea inegală a provinciilor românești, rezultat al mutațiilor istorice intervenite în decursul timpului, și-a pus amprenta și asupra învățământului și culturii din perioada interbelică. învățământul bănățean a beneficiat de o dezvoltare deosebită încă din perioada iluministă ; astfel, regulamentele austriece au prevăzut îmbunătățirea și lărgirea rețelei de școli sătești, ce cuprindea la sfârșitul secolului al XVIII-lea peste două sute de școli, dintre care 147 românești, 60 germane și 52 sârbești1. De asemenea, anumite modele educaționale par a fi fost stimulate de vechile normative impuse în răstimpul celor o sută șase ani de graniță militară austriacă, normative care au generat modificări de substanță și în mentalitatea bănățenilor. Totodată, interfețele lingvistice, confesionale și culturale din această zonă au conferit o anume specificitate practicilor și principiilor educaționale, relevată în discursul referitor la educație.

REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE BLACK SEA – SOLUTIONS FOR THE FUTURE: THE SECURITY, STRATEGIES AND FORCES BALANCE

REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE BLACK SEA – SOLUTIONS FOR THE FUTURE: THE SECURITY, STRATEGIES AND FORCES BALANCE

Author(s): Mihai PANAIT,Ion ROCEANU / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Regional security; strategies; international relations; globalization and isolationism;

The post-pandemic period of COVID-19, in addition to profoundly changing international relations (especially globalization), brought a new perspective on the relationship among the concepts of regionalization, regionalization of security, new strategies and doctrines (to support them in the conditions of changing the level of operation imposed by COVID-19) as well as the type of new military equipment that will be found in the multi-annual procurement plans. The nature of the threats acquires a new nuance with the appearance of this pandemic and soon puts in front of the politico-military decision-makers, new reference points that will bring to the level of these days the fundamental documents (strategies, planning directives, procurement programs) that will support budgetary planning for the coming decades, research and innovation (to develop new platforms, sensors, and weapons with a small number of combatants), and new aspects of diminishing international and regional cooperation in favor of unilateral action. From now on, the new dimensions of the defense budget will have to contain other elements adapted to the COVID-19 fight.

NATO AND EU STRATEGIC REVISION. CONTEXTUAL FACTORS BEFORE AND AFTER THE RUSSIAN – UKRAINIAN WAR

NATO AND EU STRATEGIC REVISION. CONTEXTUAL FACTORS BEFORE AND AFTER THE RUSSIAN – UKRAINIAN WAR

Author(s): Cristina Bogzeanu / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: cohesion crisis; liberal democracy crisis; Strategic Compass; Strategic Concept; strategic autonomy; Russian-Ukrainian war;

The present paper approaches the significant contextual aspects in which 2022 NATO and EU strategic revision process is taking place. The study premises that Russian unjustified military aggression on Ukraine and the subsequent security challenges for the European security environment are only the most recent, visible, and implicitly, attention catching ones, and that the background of the current strategic revision of both NATO and the EU is wider and marked by the succession of internal and external crises in the last decade. However, despite the need to approach all these challenges, Russian invasion of Ukraine has a key role in these organizations’ strategic revision, as it can be considered a wake-up call, an undeniable proof that both NATO and EU have to adapt their role in the regional and international security context. Through this rather descriptive approach, this paper is meant to bring to attention the complexity of the current international and regional context, shaping NATO and EU strategic revision. Also, we will argue that one of the main challenges that are to come after this revision will consist in dealing with NATO-EU relation in the best possible manner. In order to do so, the argumentation will be built departing from the general regional context, taking in consideration both internal and external trends, continuing with the origins and signification of NATO and EU strategic revision. This will be the basis on which we intend to reveal some of the challenges of NATO-EU relation and how this relation was impacted by the unjustified Russian military aggression on Ukraine. The argumentation capitalizes recent events with relevance for NATO and EU approach to security and is built on inputs from the level of population perception on NATO and EU, as well as from national foreign politics and trends specific to the organizations themselves. Given that this paper was written before NATO actually published its 2022 Strategic Concept, the author will mostly capitalize on EU’ s official documents and, implicitly, on EU’ s perspective. The study concludes that despite the highly conflict-prone context, there is also a favourable ground not only for the EU to progress in its military dimension but also for doing this in full coordination with NATO, avoiding duplications.