Publisher: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego

Efektywność terapii dyslalii. Logopedyczno-lingwistyczna analiza wyników badań

Author(s): Danuta Pluta-Wojciechowska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2019

In terms of methodology, this monograph is based on the thesis claiming that speech therapy is a study of biological determinants of language and linguistic behaviours, which underpins contemporary speech-therapy research. This very publication provides the results of empirical research relating to diagnosis and therapy of speech disorders stemming from malfunction of peripheral factors – malformations of speech organs and/or impaired biological functions. The main subject of analyses is the efficiency of speech-therapy treatment provided to persons with impaired phoneme production – children, adolescents, and adults. As a source of those nonnormative sounds discussed herein I pinpoint biological factors, such as ankyloglossia, malocclusions, breathing difficulties and swallowing impairments, difficulties in biting and chewing, parafunctions, such as thumb or finger sucking. The efficiency of a particular speech therapy is assessed by utilizing the elaborated paradigm, also employing statistical tests, which meets the assumption of Evidence Based Practice. Therefore, research like these are unprecedented either in Polish or world speech-therapy studies. For the assessment of therapies, I developed the Strategic Method of Improving Phonemes Implementation (hereinafter referred to as SMIPI, Polish Strategiczna metoda usprawniania realizacji fonemów,) of my own authorship. Some threads of my study occasionally refer to previously elaborated methods of treating speech impediments, yet I challenge or discard quite a few of them as methodologically invalid, for instance, exercising the tongue outside the oral cavity, tensioning the tip of the tongue. The monograph opens with a chapter placing speech therapy – metaphorically – between linguistics and medicine, which pertains to a place of the discipline on the epistemological plane. In the chapter I present analyses relating to particular cognitive background of speech therapy and its place amongst other disciplines. My considerations underscore the originality of speechtherapy approach – considered against the background of other scientific fields – in case of impediments in producing peripherally-determined phonemes. In Chapter 2 of the monograph I investigate issues of diagnosis and treatment of phoneme production disorders as speech-therapy procedures. The chapter commences enumeration of assumptions embedding the subsequent comments. Assuming a number of notions fundamental for both linguistics and speech therapy imposes some order on thinking and allows the Readers to notice the broader context behind the topic this treatise is concerned with. Consecutive parts of Chapter 2 deal with the significance of diagnosis in its heuristic dimension for designing and carrying out treatment. I assume that what ought to result from the examination process of a given speech impediment’s symptom along with its aetiology, is not solely establishing the name of a given nosological unit relating to the diagnosed condition, but also preparing a kind of diagnostic narrative depicting mechanism behind occurrence of speech impediments, however, within the confines of up-to-date knowledge (thus, I do not discard the event that contemporary speech therapy is oblivious to some causes of speech disorders, which results from the scope of human knowledge coming from various disciplines dealing with speech, e.g. medicine). The mode of operation defined in such a way enables us to reconstruct the development of speech disorder. In the discussed chapter I also comment upon early and contemporary approaches to treatment of phoneme production disorders. Having paid a necessary homage to the work of past researchers, I undertake analyses that show both advantages and deficits characterising hitherto used methods of treatment, also in the context of the most recent studies of phoneme production disorders. Chapter 3 is focused on methodology of research, including problems, hypotheses and methods of studies, accepted terms and assumptions, ordering the research process; therein I also discuss the limits of research carried out. The major study problem is assessing the efficiency of speech therapy with the usage of previously mentioned SMIPI method.. Among the most important research methods the following can be counted: analytical-phonetic method of speech evaluation, anatomical-functional method of assessing speech organs (anatomical structure of speech organs, the respiratory, swallowing, and chewing processes), interview, an experimental study consisting in carrying out speech therapy (based on SMIPI, and akin to it – FTM, Polish fizjologiczna terapia miofunkcjonalna ‘physiological myofunctional therapy’) encompassing 69 subject, 3 to 40 years of age (they were divided into three age groups), and finally, analysing the research results and establishing statistical correlation. In turn, Chapter 4 of the monograph gives the account of research results referring to efficiency of utilizing SMIPI method and provides analyses of the studied facets of therapeutic efficiency: the pace of improvements taking place that regard primary functions (e.g. initiating vertical-horizontal tongue position, initiating tongue resting posture, initiating proper swallowing), the rate of uttering/emitting the initial sound, the pace of transformations occurring within the patients’ phonetic system. This part of the monograph also contains some linguistic and speech-therapy analyses pertaining to important, from the vantage point of designing and carrying out therapy, aspects of undertaken actions, such as sequencing of speech-sounds disorders therapy and methods of prompting speech sounds. I also discuss the “domino effect” and selfregulation phenomenon it involves. In my analyses of SMIPI method’s efficiency, I devise the general approach (relating to the results of therapy distinguished for the age group of patients) as well as individual one (relating to therapy efficiency in case of a particular patient). The research results indicate that SMIPI is an efficient treatment method, however, its efficiency varies dependent on age group. In the aspect of normalizing primary abilities, the rate of attaining desired changes is greater in persons 15 to 40 years of age than in children 3 to 6 years of age. The research results show, in turn, that the latter group displays the greatest improvements in terms of phonetic changes. The chapter that follows is a summarizing one, and it distinguishes the crucial research results from the analyses undertaken along with proposals of future necessary analyses and empirical procedures pertaining to upcoming scientific problems. In this part, I additionally address so-called wizardry and tricks used while eliciting sounds, the issue of so-called therapeutic methods universality, and I also present SMIPI against the backdrop of different ways of speech-therapy interventions. Finally, I account for the possibility to alter or modify the mode of proceeding I propose.

Ekshibicjonizm społeczny w Internecie. Motywy i potencjalne zagrożenia dla zdrowia i bezpieczeństwa młodzieży

Author(s): Katarzyna Borzucka-Sitkiewicz,Karina Leksy / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2017

Currently, the Internet space is becoming an increasingly relevant environment for individuals. Intense use of new technologies, especially the social media, transforms them into a socializing environment which is almost on a par with that of school or family. On this account, it is essential that an extensive educational program be implemented in the media, aiming not to restrict contact with the new technologies, but to educate man in the use of these technologies so that they serve the good of man. This stance was the staring point for writing the following monograph, the purpose of which was to provide a theoretical and empirical foundation for developing various educational initiatives. The book is divided into six complementary chapters. The first three chapters comprise a meta-analysis of the theoretical issues which are the framework for the author’s research. Chapter four describes the methodology of research, chapter five and six contain an analysis of the studies with a diagnostic-verifying character, which were aimed at establishing the typology of the behavior of middle school students in the media space and determining its potential social and health consequences. It is a publication not only for the theoreticians of pedagogy and its related sciences, but also for the practitioners dealing with the broadly understood prophylaxis and media education.

Ekspresja ruchu – ciało – kreacja – komunikat

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2016

The study ‘The expression of movement - body - creation - message’ is an interdisciplinary theoretical-empirical study focused on the presence and significance of the body and corporealness in culture, education and therapy. It includes considerations pioneered by the issue of the body understood as a medium that enables self-discovery, self-creation, renewing of potentials and creative forces. The carried out analyses and reflections on the body indicate that it can be affected by experiences, emotions and sensory experiences induced by music and sound. It is a tool of expression of movement and an object that gives life to new artistic forms. The body is a space of emotional messages, which reflects the attitude towards oneself and also encodes information about the surrounding world.The publication may be interesting and a source of inspiration to people from the circles of humanistic and social sciences, in particular, culture experts, psychologists, educators and teachers aspiring to unlock the creative potential of the body and non-verbal message.

Elementy prywatne i publiczne w procesie cywilnym w świetle prac kodyfikacyjnych w Polsce (1918–1964). Studium historycznoprawne

Author(s): Anna Stawarska-Rippel / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2015

The past century in Poland had witnessed significant regime changes which resulted in the subsequent codification, decodification and recodification of the law, which, as far as the civil procedure is concerned – following substantial changes resulting from the third political transformation in the 20th century – has remained in effect until the present day. The following monograph is devoted to the history of codification of the Polish civil procedure, mapped against the backdrop of the evolution of this particular branch of law in Europe and the subsequent “revolution” in Poland, following the Second World War, taking into account its patterns as well as its reach in the remaining countries governed by people’s democracy. The author considers the topic from the perspective of the private and public aspects of the civil procedure, which have a profound impact on the shape and content of the Code of Civil Procedure. The monograph touches upon the works on the codification that were attempted twice in the history of the Polish civil procedure and discusses the model of civil litigation with the focus on the aspect of delineating the relationship between the individual and the state. The two main chapters of the monograph have been preceded by comprehensive introductions, which provide the legal-historical, comparative, and theoretical background for the primary argument. In those parts of the monograph, the author discusses the evolution of the civil procedure in Western Europe in the 19th and 20th century, the specifics of the peculiar socialist civil procedure, as well as the means of recourse against judgments in the civil proceedings in the context of the interests of both the state and the individual. In the discussion concerning the processes undertaken even before the creation of the Codification Committee in 1919, the author conducts a comparative legal analysis of the problem of the principal rules of the civil procedure as well as minute details which have fundamental bearing on the model of the Code of Civil Procedure. The following argument focuses on the efforts of the Codification Committee, unprecedented both in Europe and the entire world. At that time, the primary goal of the government was integration of the Polish lands, divided by partitions and restoration of the Polish sovereignty. As a result of the efforts of the Codification Committee of the Second Polish Republic, the first Polish Code of Civil Procedure was created (1930); this original work, the fruit of long-term efforts of the most distinguished Polish legal experts, was, in fact, an in-depth comparative study. The interwar codifiers analysed not only the civil procedures in force in Poland: Russian (1864), German (1877), Austrian (1895) and Hungarian (1911), but also the most significant civil procedures in Europe, including the civil procedure of the Swiss cantons of Zurich (1913) and Bern (1918), as well as the civil procedure of Italy (1865), Greece (1834) and, in part, England (1873–1873), despite its relative lack of significance due to the fundamental differences between the common law and the continental law. The first drafts of Code of the Civil Procedure were distinctive due to their attempts to include a fair number of the public aspects in the civil proceedings, which was also characteristic of the evolution of the civil procedure in Europe at that time and was intended as a remedy for the shortcomings of the civil jurisdiction. However, the final draft of the Code did not include several pioneering, innovative concepts which concerned preparatory proceedings, abuse of rules of procedure clause, obligation of truthfulness, the discretional power of the judge, evidence proceedings, as well as the construction of an obligatory replay to the statement of claim and default judgment. Several other significant changes, which severely misrepresented the initial intentions of the codifiers, were implemented at the governmental stage of development. The omission of the proposed institutions was caused by the desire to preserve the golden mean, which was modelled after the Austrian civil procedure to an extent. On the other hand, the governmental changes were characterised by the urge to make the first Polish Code of Civil Procedure more similar to the Russian legislation, which resulted from the pressure and protests of the lawyers coming from the former Congress Poland. The necessity of making the civil procedure more flexible as well as making their forms more simple and the amount of regulation more reasonable, along with various other problems discussed within the framework of the civil procedural law by the Codification Committee of the Second Polish Republic, is discussed until this day, in the context of numerous changes following the political transformation and the necessity of drafting a new – third – Code of Civil Procedure. The preservation of formal but at the same time critical and selective legal continuity in the first years of the Polish People’s Republic resulted in the necessity of revision of the inherited law and restructuring of its tenets to reflect the socialist agenda. Implementation of the Soviet ideas of difference and protection of property as well as planned economy resulted in weakening of the civil procedural law and the increased importance of the administrative law. In this context, the monograph touches upon the problems of that time, concerning restrictions on the civil procedure (non-litigious proceedings, state arbitration). The transformation of the political and legal system in countries governed by people’s democracy resulted in significant and forced unification of adjective law. This involuntary unification was conducted in a very short time. The situation was similar in the USSR, where, on the basis of the authority of the Soviet Union with regard to establishing the foundations of the judicial system and legal proceedings, as well as the civil and penal law–introduced by the resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union of February 11th, 1957–the law was unified in all the federal republics, according to the USSR legislation. The circumstances surrounding the drafting of the Polish Act of July 20th, 1950 and its content, which constituted, in fact, decodification of the civil procedure, have been discussed in comparison with the changes taking place in the civil procedure in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Hungary at that time. The draft of the new code proposed by the Department of Justice (1955) further eroded the first Polish Code of Civil Procedure; however, ultimately, the project was not implemented. Following the establishment of the Codification Committee in 1956, the codification efforts were characterised by relative leniency caused by comparative liberalisation connected with the change in the political climate (1956), and strictly substantial discussion based on comparative analysis that transcended the boundaries of the socialist law and thoroughly discussed the essence of the civil procedure in the light of its development. The effect of those proceedings was a satisfactory first draft of the new code (1960), which had hallmarks of evolution. This draft was later subject to changes in the second draft and later in the governmental and parliamentary stages of the codification work, until finally the second Polish Code of Civil Procedure (1964) was passed, in accordance with the political principles of the time. The chapter devoted to the private and public aspects in the system of recourse against judgments, the author discusses the problem of the character of the appeal and the character of the third instance made by the Codification Committee of the Second Polish Republic. Next, in the context of the Soviet model and the new legal regulations in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and East Germany, the author discusses the issues of the appeal and the extraordinary appeal against a final judgment as well as the possibility of challenging judgments in force by the state authority in the Polish People’s Republic starting with the amendment of July 20th, 1950, through the drafts of the Code of Civil Procedure, their critique and implemented changes, to the passing of the Code (1964). The history of codification of the civil procedure in the Second Polish Republic and Polish People’s Republic, regardless of the motivation, illustrates the phenomenon in which the final draft of the act differs significantly–usually for the worse–from the initial premises and conceptions established by the experts who worked on the first draft for a prolonged period of time.

Embracing Folk Material and Finding the New Objectivity: Karol Szymanowski's Twenty Mazurkas op. 50 and Two Mazurkas op. 62

Author(s): Anna Kijanowska / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2018

This book examines the presence of folk material in and the influence of the New Objectivity on the „Mazurkas” op. 50 and op. 62 by Karol Szymanowski through various elements: rhythmic patterns, form, proportions, phrase structure, texture, accompaniment patterns, and articulation. Special emphasis is placed on the influence of the folk music practiced in the Highland region of the Tatra Mountains and its unquestionable presence in the „Mazurkas”. This dissertation dispenses with an analysis of the tonal system in the „Mazurkas”, a topic extensively covered in a thesis by Ann Kossakowski (Yale University, 1980). Chapter 1 discusses stylistic differences in Szymanowski’s works prior to the 1920s and beyond, as well as general trends in European music of that period. Chapter 2 focuses on the New Objectivity movement which is exemplified by the return to traditional forms and textures. Found in the works of Schoenberg, Stravinsky, and Hindemith, this new trend represents the search for a new direction reflective of Baroque and Classical models. The subsequent chapter is devoted exclusively to Polish folk music with distinctions drawn between Lowland and Highland folk styles and draws upon various examples of folk dances and songs. The main body of the book begins in Chapter 4, which is devoted to the analysis of the „Mazurkas”. A close look at the individual elements of the compositions highlights the remarkable way in which Szymanowski’s music manifests the New Objectivity in its texture, clear phrase structure, symmetrical proportions, and the rhythmic unity achieved through irregular accents typical of folk music. Chapter 5 explores the interpretive challenges a performer faces in the „Mazurkas” and examines each composition individually, analyzing the character and function of key elements: rhythmic patterns, articulation, and especially rubato. Szymanowski’s influence on modern Polish music and his contribution to later generations cannot be overstated and is the subject matter of the last chapter, followed by a summation in the conclusion.

English semantic loans, loan translations, and loan renditions in informal Polish of computer users

Author(s): Marcin Zabawa / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2017

It is common knowledge that Polish is under a strong influence of English nowadays. In the past, such influence was largely restricted to lexical borrowings, noticed and commented upon both by linguists, in the literature on the subject (see especially the monographs by Mańczak-Wohlfeld 1994, 1995, 2006), and by non-linguists, for instance in the popular press. Nowadays the picture is different: English continues to affect Polish at the level of lexis; however, other spheres are not free from the English influence, either. Thus, apart from lexical loans, which have already been relatively thoroughly researched, semantic borrowings, loan translations, loan renditions, and semi-calques (all of which attracted much less attention from linguists) appear with a high frequency as well. In addition, minor types of influence, manifested through the existence of syntactic and morphological loans, can also be detected; such spheres as spelling or punctuation are also under the influence of English, particularly in the more informal varieties of Polish texts. /fragment of the introduction/

ER(R)GO. Teoria-Literatura-Kultura

Frequency: 2 issues / Country: Poland

ER(R)GO jest ogólnopolskim periodykiem naukowym nawiązującym do kilkunastoletniej działalności interdyscyplinarnej grupy seminaryjnej o tej samej nazwie. Profil merytoryczny Periodyk poświęcony jest przede wszystkim refleksji nad wytworami kultury współczesnej - także kultury popularnej - ze szczególnym naciskiem na zagadnienia teoretyczne i w najszerszym sensie z teorią związane. Tematyka obejmuje analizę zjawisk, dzieł, procesów kulturowych i literackich oraz ich uwarunkowań, analizę kontekstów je określających, zagadnienia metodologii badań literaturoznawczych i kulturoznawczych, analizę współczesnych tendencji w kulturze i ich założeń myślowych, zmiany paradygmatów teoretycznych i metodologicznych, analizę etycznych i aksjologicznych uwikłań prądów oraz zjawisk kulturowych i literackich, syntezy teoretycznoliterackie i kulturoznawcze, związki literatury z filozofią i innymi naukami. Istotny nacisk kładzie się na zagadnienia teoretycznoliterackie, przy czym literatura postrzegana jest w jej powiązaniach z kontekstami i procesami ogólnokulturowymi. Zadaniem pisma jest wypełnienie niszy między periodykami literaturoznawczymi i kulturoznawczymi oraz umożliwienie spotkania tych dwóch szerokich dziedzin w jednej przestrzeni czytelniczej. Ogólny tenor pisma należy określić jako interdyscyplinarny. Krąg odbiorców Przedstawiciele humanistyki uniwersyteckiej: pracownicy naukowi, doktoranci, studenci, w szczególności zaś specjaliści i czytelnicy przejawiający zainteresowania w zakresie literaturoznawstwa (teoria, komparatystyka, krytyka), nauk o kulturze, socjologii, antropologii, filozofii (szczególnie w zakresie jej pokrewieństw z innymi dziedzinami humanistyki) oraz krąg odbiorców interdyscyplinarnych. Działy Głównymi działami pisma są „Rozprawy - szkice - eseje” poświęcone tematyce określonej wyżej oraz „Przekłady”, mieszczące jeden lub dwa ważne teksty obcojęzyczne w tłumaczeniu polskim. Uzupełnieniem tych centralnych sekcji każdego numeru będą opcjonalne i konstruowane w miarę aktualnych potrzeb działy uzupełniające: „Polemiki - komentarze - uwagi”, zawierające materiał dyskusyjny, oraz „Recenzje - noty - omówienia”.

Ethos rycerski w kulturze. Tradycje i kontynuacje. T. I: W kręgu średniowiecza

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2017

This multiauthored monograph puts forward an interdisciplinary approach to the chivalric code, developed in the Middle Ages, whose broad tradition has expanded since those times up to the 21st century and is cultivated in various areas of life, both in Europe and the rest of the world. The authors gathered in this work belong to numerous disciplines, including history, literary studies, and cultural studies; moreover, among the texts included, one might find even the papers contributed by an archaeologist and a sport historian. By all means does it prove that the issue tackled in this monograph touches upon an important cultural phenomenon, which – regardless of the influences and “borrowings” exchanged between the differing civilisations – lays the foundations for the development of any of the human communities. The work is recommended not only to scholars, but also to a broader audience of people interested in the chivalric culture with is traditions and shifts.

Ethos rycerski w kulturze. Tradycje i kontynuacje. T. II: Ethos sarmacki i jego tradycje

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2017

The second volume of this multiauthored monograph concerning the chivalric code aims to draw attention of those interested in the culture of Sarmatism and its traditions. The contributors include prominent literary and cultural scholars working on the Polish Republic of Nobles [szlachta]. Polish nobles were fascinated with the values originating in the ancient Rome and considered themselves as their rightful heirs. Even though the heroic acts among the Polish army in the 16th and 17th centuries were noted, the everyday life of the militaries back then was often detached from the high ideals derived from the chivalric code. Most of the contributions are concerned with the vernacular culture, literature, and writings in the 16th and 17th centuries; still, this work also consists of the chapters devoted to the traditions of Sarmatism recurring throughout the epochs much closer to our contemporary position.

Etos polityków w kodeksach etycznych radnych

Author(s): Tomasz Czakon,Danuta Ślęczek-Czakon / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2019

Politics and politicians are harshly evaluated. One of the politicians᾽ answers to the accusations and social expectations of following the most important moral principles is adopting ethical codes, in which they declare their good intentions, specify the standards of conduct and commit themselves to comply with them. Ethical codes are adopted by politicians in many countries. The situation is similar in Poland, where parliamentarians, as well councillors of many different local government units have their own codes. The authors᾽ subject of interest are ethical codes of councillors. This is because there are a lot of them and thanks to that it allows the authors to assess the dominant ethos among politicians. That notion is defined as the set of values and norms considered to be binding in politics. The authors assume that there are many similarities between councillors (of various levels of government) and members of parliament (councillors become parliamentarians, parliamentarians become councillors, both councillors and parliamentarians are members of the same political parties or local political organizations), thus by analysing the ethical codes of councillors, the ethos of politicians can be reconstructed.The authors analysed 58 codes from various local government levels from all over Poland (different regions of country). The analysis of the content of the codes was based on the assumption that the ethos of politicians create not only the virtues of politicians, but also the nature of the institutions in which they act, relations with the environment and — especially — with voters. This was also the basis for establishing research questions and hypotheses: some of them concern the formal side of the codes (do they meet the requirements of constructing codes?), however, the majority refers to the declared values and principles that make up the ethos of councillor‑politicians. One of the hypotheses assumed that in the codes of ethics for councillors, who are operating in a democratic state, a politician‑democrat ethos should be revealed. Analysis of the content of codes of ethics for councillors led to the conclusion that the democratic ethos is poorly outlined in them, whereas corruption prevention and autocratic attitude prevail. Democratic values are present only in 1/3 of the analysed codes. The ethos of politicians, implicit in the ethical codes, is a chaotic and inconsistent collection of various values, principles and attitudes.

Etykieta zawodowa i protokół dyplomatyczny

Author(s): Andrzej Szteliga / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2018

Good manners and ethical conduct are extremely important in interpersonal relationships in general, but they gain special significance in international and interstate relations at various levels. An example, especially on the professional level, can be diplomatic behaviour, which constitutes a specific compilation of historical traditions and contemporary good practices, based on legal and customary norms. The book „Professional Etiquette & Diplomatic Protocol” by Andrzej Szteliga in an accessible way presents and discusses classical principles of savoir-vivre, professional and social etiquette as well as basic issues of diplomatic protocol and foreign service. Therefore, many of its pages contain such terms as ethics, professional etiquette, savoirvivre, diplomatic protocol, foreign service - explained theoretically and discussed in practice. The book, due to its character as an academic textbook, has a unique cognitive and educational value, not only for students, but also for politicians (especially young), local government officials and managers. The text of the publication is enriched by numerous photographs and situational drawings. The work presents in detail the classic principles of savoir-vivre, i.e. issues related to greetings and farewells, getting to know one another and establishing contacts and the role of business cards in this process, conducting private talks and official speeches, the mastery of diplomatic, official and private correspondence, precedence (seniority) in professional and social relations, and traditional forms of address in various environments. Further thematic blocks are related to the issues of the diplomatic protocol, i.e. to the basic elements of diplomatic and consular law, the characteristics of the rules governing foreign contacts (not only diplomatic and consular), the organisation of visits and meetings, the preparation and dispatch of invitations, participation in official and accompanying programmes, conducting negotiations and concluding agreements, a diplomatic ceremony, a flag protocol, placement of officials and guests and the order of speeches, organisation and operation of the foreign service in Poland and abroad (the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and bilateral and multilateral posts), awards and distinctions. Then there are the other etiquette issues, also very important ones, such as organisation of parties for various occasions, rules for seating guests at the table, configuration of tables, duties of hosts and guests, culinary ritual, conversations and toasts, use of specific outfits and clothes for various occasions (informal clothes and formal costumes), participation in dancing parties, as well as use of the car for business and private purposes, i.e. what car one should drive, how to seat the guests, how to get in and out of the car properly. The substantive part of the work ends with a presentation of typical improper behaviour and gaffes, as well as advice on how to avoid them. Contemporaneity is characterized by the fact that it readily makes use of centuries of tradition, adapting some of them to changing interpersonal relations. Thus, manners still define a man, according to the manners make man principle, and savoir vivre should be used in our professional and social life both on a daily basis and on special occasions.

Europa XX–XXI wieku. Społeczno-polityczne konsekwencje kryzysów

Author(s): Marcela Gruszczyk,Lech Krzyżanowski,Miłosz Skrzypek / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2017

The industrial revolution of the 19th century gave impetus to changes on unprecedented scale, which resulted in profound social transformations, namely: the increase of citizens’ political consciousness and – of no lesser importance – countrywide uprisings, triggerd by the nationalist ideology. The end of the century was also full of events announcing the forthcoming armed conflict which – in its aftermath – spurred a total redefinition of the political order in Europe as it had been hitherto known. What clearly illustrates the size of the conflict are the multi-million-dollar human and material losses, the degradation and decline of the European agricultural production as well as equally significant decrease in the area of foreign investment, and finally, disturbances in trade relations, implied – first and foremost – by huge debts and by the scale of war reparations. No less important here is also the Bolshevisation of Russia with all the negative consequences of this process.The first half of the 20th century brought the largest economic crisis ever. It had a tremendous impact on the development of economic thought, casuing an indubitable change in its mainstream. Both politicians and economists are unequivocally convinced that the huge scale of economic fluctuations in the free market economy model almost completely precludes the efficient use of resources on a macroeconomic scale. Thus, the existing economic liberalism was replaced by the state interventionism and, consequently, the departure from the gold standard. By the same token, the Great Depression should be classified as one of the most important events of the 20th century. One can safely agree with the thesis that the Great Crisis made the outbreak of World War II possible, although it did not render the war inevitable. It also undoubtedly undermined the belief in the effective functioning of either the market or the capitalist system, which could partly explain why the ineffective and at the same time criminal communist regime was sanctioned. Referring to Paul Johnson’s words, it can be said that the crisis was exerting an emotional and intellectual impact on human consciousness almost until the end of the 1980s, when Soviet collectivism finally collapsed and the whole world had to admit that the free market could not be replaced by any other economical system.The hecatomb, i.e. the aforementioned World War II, had consequences hitherto unheard-of in the history of civilization, which touched upon political, social, economic, and cultural issues. They were, above all, the unimaginable demographic losses; what is more, the enormous costs and, subsequently, the impossible to estimate value of damages. No less important here is the new order, formed after the war ended, which divided Europe with an “iron curtain.” After the military actions have been seized, the so-called West, continued to develop in a diverse manner, but also acclaming the fact that political and economic processes maintain their continuity, steerability, and rationality. Despite perturbations, the process took its course within a determined framework and according to predictable institutional and legal structures. These questions looked completely different on the eastern side of the aforesaid “curtain.” The two hostile political camps also differed regarding their economic systems; fortunately, it was for the so-called Eastern Bloc that the consequences of the difference turned out to be disastrous. What also falls into the category of issues discussed in the present work is an energy crisis in the seventies of the 20th century, connected with the political conflict between the West and the Arab states. It resulted in a recession and a slowdown in economic growth with all the negative consequences. On the other hand, by the end of the 1980s, it was connected with the breakup of the communist system in Europe. Although it is difficult to underestimate the positive aspect of this phenomenon, the collapse of communism caused many local conflicts in the countries that constituted the former USSR. The simultaneous collapse of the regime in the former Yugoslavia strengthened separatist tendencies, resulting in long, bloody struggles on its territory. The outbreak of extreme nationalism became the driving force behind a civil war, leading to a wave of national and religious persecution as well as an ethnic purge, heitherto inconceivable after World War II.The 21st century is inherently associated with in the phenomenon of globalization,which has its positive and negative dimensions, whose assessment – for the time being – eludes the criteria of historical analysis, though it finds its multifaceted expression in inquiries of other sciences.It should be emphasized that the succinctness of the above approach is intended solely to summarize the scale and variety of the events and processes discussed, which is directly related to the common denominator indicated in the introduction. The analysis of texts published in this volume should lead the Reader to the fullest possible comprehension of the eponymous issue. The research conducted in this field shows clearly the huge diversity and variety of phenomena, commonly referred to as the crisis. Unfortunately, despite its enormous efforts to investigate the causes, courses, and consequences of political, financial, and economic crises, science has not yet succeded in finding a remedy for their emergence; nevertheless, as yet unweavering in these efforts, perhaps it will contribute to alleviating the enormous costs of overcoming them. Editors

Ewaluacja w edukacji – teoria i praktyka

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Polish / Publication Year: 2019

Explicitation in Simultaneous Interpreting. A Study into Explicitating Behaviour of Trainee Interpreters

Author(s): Ewa Gumul / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2017

The simplest and the most blunt definition of explicitation I can think of is that it is about adding. This imprecise and simplistic definition brings to my mind a certain interpreter who probably resorted to the most extensive additions I have ever heard of. It is Juan Ranz – one of the best-known interpreters, although he is only a fictional character in Javier Marías’s novel A Heart So White.1 It is his brilliantly unfaithful translation, full of additions, that transforms meaningless and insipid small talk of a Spanish and an English politician into a passionate conversation about love and Shakespeare. Thanks to the interpreter’s deliberate additions, the interlocutors become so involved that we come to think that perhaps he merely explicitates what in fact they meant and wanted to say. Obviously, explicitation is not about changing the course of conversation, as was the case of Juan Ranz, but the fictional interpreter in Marías’s book is a perfect example, albeit somewhat extreme (the right of literature, one may say), of an interpreter’s mediating role. In real life, interpreters do not add anything that could change the message, but they do add – usually to mediate the message. And such “additions,” denominated explicitations, appear to be a universal feature of all translational activity irrespective of the mode, genre, and language pair. / fragment of the introduction/

Family Life and Crime. Contemporary Research and Essays

Author(s): Maciej Bernasiewicz,Monika Noszczyk-Bernasiewicz / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2017

The family crisis reveals serious fissures in the very foundations of the European cultural community; likewise, criminal and moral degradation of youth points to the crisis of the family as an important source of the problem […]. The authors make a strong casefor the view that destructive peer relations become criminogenic factors only when they are combined with dysfunctional family-of-origin settings. In such circumstances, the authors argue, timely institutional decisions and their appropriate implementation, while always fraught with the risk of stigmatisation (as in the case of measures involving confinement), often prove to be rational actions undertaken to stop the psychological degradation of the juvenile. This conclusion is important in that it contrasts with the claim, today often overstated, that institutional forms of care for juvenile delinquents, without exception, bring more harm than benefits […]. I am convinced that the book will be of interest both to Polish rehabilitation practitioners and theoreticians as well as to international readers. For the latter,it may be an interesting source of information about the present condition of Polish rehabilitation research and compelling problems that the system of juvenile delinquency prevention in Poland is now facing. - From a review by dr hab. Mariusz Sztuka, Head of the Department of Social Prevention and Rehabilitation, Jagiellonian University, Kraków

Federico García Lorca – od symbolizmu do surrealizmu

Author(s): Jacek Lyszczyna / Language(s): Polish,Spanish / Publication Year: 2019

Figury braku. O prozie Stanisława Dygata

Author(s): Ewa Bartos / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2016

This dissertation attempts to interpret Stanisław Dygat’s novels with regard to the manner in which he inscribes the category of l a c k in his oeuvre. Lack – understood herein as a figure of mind, and not merely a rhetoric one – manifests itself on the pages of Dygat’s writings as a capacitor of desires.This thesis is divided into three chapters: Economics and Lack, Desire and Lack, Time, War and Lack.The first one reads Dygat’s subsequent novels, with an emphasis placed on lack as a framework of thinking of love. Precisely, it turns out that the romantic decisions made by the protagonists depicted are governed by the principles of economics. Rational calculations, as well as assessments of incomes and expenditures of engaging in relationships, happen to be the most common reasons for sacrificing love.The second chapter – Desire and Lack – endeavours to provide an answer on why lack remains vital in the structure of a novel. In Dygat’s prose, the heroes construct their subjectivities through desire, which is inevitably founded on lack. The constant oscillation around fulfilment and non-fulfilment constitutes a subjectivity rooted in shortfall. Lack stimulates it in order to discover new desires, whereas the subject’s approaching and distancing from the object of its desire establish a convenient position for arousing and depriving Dygat’s protagonists of pleasure.The third chapter – Time, War and Lack – supplements the considerations undertaken in the first two chapters with a new understanding of lack, associating it with nostalgia. This new conceptualization allows one to re-think memory as a burning sense of emptiness induced by loss. In Dygat’s oeuvre, this case redirects us to not only the experience of World War II, but also the social changes that have occurred during it and in its aftermath.In my dissertation, I have not strived for reaching the fixed answers responding to the problems posed. Still, I am convinced that the possibility of embracing Stanisław Dygat’s prose should be embedded in the affirmation of a multiplicity of interpretative decisions.They provide one with an opportunity of including the writer in the particular group of authors, and, simultaneously, they draw him out from it.Figures of Lack, aside of its placement within the contemporary criticism and literary history, endeavours concurrently to read Dygat’s works through the apparatus of the economy of literature. Hitherto, such a confrontation has been either peripheral or not taken.

Filmowe Pejzaże Europy

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2017

The book entitled Cinematic Landscapes of Europe is a review of contemporary European cinema from the point of view of a characteristic shot of a landscape. How do European film-makers employ a landscape? Is it significant for them and does it determine the choice of particular means and ways of filming? These questions are being answered by the authors of the ten essays. Each article takes into consideration a set of films in which a landscape plays an important role. Sometimes it is understood in a metaphoric way, as an element of authorial narration (the articles by Ilona Copik on post-industrial landscape generating social issues and the article by Wojciech Sitek on the films of “broken Britannia”). Another area of investigation is urban landscape, understood in a symbolic way (the article by Andrzej Gwóźdź demonstrating how the Berlin wall has [not] existed in the cinema and the essay by Przemysław Pieniążek which offers the interpretation of the infernal landscape of the films of Dario Argento). A comprehensive conceptualization of cinematic landscape can be found in the interpretation of Spanish cinema, in which Joanna Aleksandrowicz juxtaposes Basque and Andalusian landscapes. The article by Karolina Kostyra conforms to the peregrination of landscapes of nature, which are an inherent element of the coming-of-age films. A completely different function is ascribed to rural landscapes in the works of Jan Jakub Kolski, which are a subject of study by Jakub Zajdel, who identifies a cinematic affection to them in the biography of the director. Finally, Magdalena Kempna-Pieniążek and Natalia Gruenpeter take into consideration the authoral interpretations of landscape in the films by Bruno Dumont and Lucile Hadžihalilović.

Filozof czystego poznania. Rzecz o Hermannie Cohenie

Author(s): Andrzej J. Noras / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2018

Hermann Cohen remains one of the most important philosophers of the turn of the 19th century. He is known first and foremost as the founder of the Neo-Kantian Marburg School, which, alongside the Baden School, constituted the primary center of philosophicalthought in Germany at that time. Nonetheless, Cohen has not been widely recognized for his contributions to the study of philosophy due to the fact that, because of his Jewish heritage, he worked at the provincial University of Marburg in Hessia. The following monograph accounts for his relative lack of recognition and thus begins with an overview of Cohen’s biography. Following that introduction, the monograph has been divided into two parts.The first part concerns theoretical philosophy, which constituted the cornerstone of Cohen’s doctrine. The Marburg Neo-Kantianism is considered to be the most radical version of anti-psychologism and logicism; nonetheless, Cohen started his career as a philosopher as a disciple of Heymann (or Chajim) Steinthal, a linguist and a philosopher, as well as Moritz (or Moses) Lazarus: the publishers of the periodical Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft. In 1871, he published the first edition of Kants Theorie des Erfahrung,which was later republished in 1885 and 1918. In this part of the monograph, the author presents the evolution of Cohen’s ideas, who gradually progressed toward radical anti-psychologism. This stance is clearly reflected in his 1902 book Logik der reinen Erkenntnis, which shows Cohen as a philosopher interested in grounding the notions of philosophy and science. Cohen, then, is seen as a thinker who searches for conditions which would guarantee the objective value of cognition. Thus, his epistemological program becomes an alternativefor the phenomenology school of thought, which came to prominence in the beginning of the 20th century. Cohen remains convinced that the objective value of cognition is irrevocably connected with a search for the source. The concept which becomes crucial for his philosophy is the notion of the source (Ursprung), which for Cohen signifies a search for the rules whichgovern cognition and which ensure its objective value. What is particularly interesting about Cohen’s theory of cognition is the fact that it constitutes an attempt at a transcendental grounding of cognition, which is sometimes referred to as “a theory of cognition withoutthe subject” or “idealism without the subject.” This phrase, coined by Manfred Brelage, has its origins in the fact that Cohen’s idealism is a transcendental idealism par excellence. For that reason, Gerhard Lehmann calls Cohen “the archpriest of science.”The second part of the monograph is devoted to practical philosophy, and ethics in particular. This ethics is connected with the ethics of socialism, developed by the protoplast of the Marburg School, even though Cohen is interested not so much in the subject of the ethics itself, but rather in the grounding of ethics in science. He is convinced that while mathematical natural history has its grounding in logic, ethics has its groundings in jurisprudence. Next, the author proceeds with an analysis of the philosophy of law, whichbecomes even more interesting given the fact that Rudolf Stammler, one of the most distinguished philosophers of the law of that period, also belonged to the Marburg School. Thus, the author discusses the conception of varying content of the law of nature. Moreover, itshould also be noted that—as Claudius Müller argues in his book—during the time of the Nazi regime, libraries in Germany discarded all books by Hermann Cohen, who was Jewish, as well as those of Karl Vorländer, who was a socialist and one of Cohen’s students. Moreover, the author focuses on the philosophy of religion—crucial due to Cohen’s Judaism—as well as aesthetics and psychology. The monograph constitutes an overview of Cohen’s views, painting the thinker as a scholar determined to discover the foundation inwhich he could ground his science. This process was so crucial for the founder of the Marburg School that his philosophy is often equated with constant critique. Martin Heidegger—involved with Marburg in 1923–1928—in his book Grundprobleme der Phänomenologie (1919/20), uses the figure of Rudolf Hermann Lotze, but doesn’t directly refer to that fact. Meanwhile, Lotze, in his critique of the common practice of grounding philosophy in the theory of cognition, writes, “[…] such tasks are forced to find solutions: the constant sharpening of knives is boring when there is nothing to be cut.” This sharpening of the knives is, indeed, what seems to lie at the core of Cohen’s philosophy. Nonetheless, what this monograph aims to emphasize is the meaningfulness of the task.

Filozofia dziejów filozofii. Silne i słabe modele

Author(s): Vladimír Leško / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2017

This work has resulted from a long‑term thinking, about the relation betweenthe history of philosophy and its reflection in more or less systematic and asystematic forms of philosophizing within the most significant philosophical doctrines of the 19th and the 20th centuries. It should be noted that the main theoretical (and other) impulses for the examination of the problems in question primarily came from M. Sobotka’s works. His analysis of modern philosophy, the classical German philosophy, and Hegel’s historical‑philosophical concept in particular, has been the theoretical point of departure. In addition, this book presents research results achieved within the projects Philosophy of the History of Philosophy – basic models and results, VEGA, A, 1/4441/97 and Philosophy of the History of Philosophy – weak models, VEGA, A, 1/9238/02. The theoretical efforts of the research team enabled us to arrive at in‑depth and specific understanding of the individual models of the philosophical reception of the history of philosophy. By implication, I wish to appreciate the theoretical contribution of the other members of the research team, notably Ľ. Belás, S. Hubík, O. Sisáková, P. Tholt a M. Ješič. The main goal of this work is to philosophically introduce the most significant historical‑philosophical concepts of the 19th an the 20th centuries that established the necessary conditions for the strong and weak models ofphilosophy of the history of philosophy in the concepts of Hegel, Schelling, Marx, Nietzsche, Husserl, Heidegger, Fink, Patočka and Gadamer. Some achievements of the philosophy of the history of philosophy are presented as metatheoretical motion within the historical‑philosophical thought, the purpose of which is both the empirical description of the historical‑philosophical process and understanding and accounting for it as an integral part of the most significant philosophical problems.I. Strong modelsThe history of philosophy has been an important philosophical issue ever since the origins of the philosophy of the history of philosophy. It was founded by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, a prominent representative of German classical philosophy, in his legendary lectures on the history of philosophy. Hegel’s theoretical model of the relation between the history of philosophy and system‑centered philosophy contains certain characteristic features whichcan be used to identify various models of the philosophy of the history of philosophy. The fundamental distinctive feature for any philosophical conception of the history of philosophy is the principle of the unity of philosophy and the history of philosophy. Hegel emphasizes that the history of philosophy is an indispensable inherent component of any theoretical considerations. This idea has become an indisputable foundation accepted and developed‑critically and with various modifications though – by other great philosophers, including Schelling, Marx, Nietzsche, Husserl, and Heidegger. Hegel’s conception of the history of philosophy as the first strong model of the philosophy of the history of philosophy postulates that it itself is a philosophy; more particularly, that it forms a part of the philosophy of history, whose aim is to demonstrate that reason is also present in the history of philosophy. Therefore, if the history of philosophy is conceived of as the innermost in world history its role in current philosophical activities is crucial. Hegel’s philosophy of the history of philosophy as philosophizing about philosophy became a meta‑theoretical motion within historical‑philosophical thought whose purpose was not to describe the istorical‑philosophical process in an external‑empirical way; rather, it was aimed at comprehending and explaining this process as an integral part of the treatment of the most important philosophical problems. Hegel takes a speculative unity of the abstract and the concrete as his point of departure. Schelling concentrates on the relation between essence and existence. The young Marx focuses his historical‑philosophical effort on the conception of self‑consciousness and freedom. Nietzsche seeks true culture through a Greek cultural phenomenon (tragedy) and stresses that our spiritual traditions – Platonism, metaphysics, morality and Christianity – are the main obstacles to a true understanding of the world and man. For this reason, he prefers the Pre‑Socratic philosophy in which he finds the justification for philosophizing in general. Husserl is attracted by the transcendental impulse in the history of philosophy, and Heidegger critically discusses the Nietzschean motive of re‑consideringthe Pre‑Socratic message in order to radicalize the most complex philosophical question, i.e., what is philosophy (metaphysics)?II. Weak modelsPhilosophical research into strong models of the philosophy of the history of philosophy indicates in a compelling way that both Hegel’s and Heidegger’s models have been the dominant doctrines determining the basic method of establishing a philosophical link to the history of philosophy. In a sense, they represent extreme opposing philosophical approaches to the historical‑philosophical heritage and to the current forms of philosophizing. Hegel’sphilosophical conception of history is built on the principle of development – progress from the ancient times to the present. In general, his philosophy is conceived of as the culmination of the whole historical evolution. Heidegger takes the opposite position. Thought, itself of historical nature and determining world history, does not grow from the present. It is older than what is simply the past. It has been borne towards us in its most ancient ideas, butwe are unable to discover any trace of it because we believe reality to be what mainly pertains to us in our being. Consequently, Heidegger insists on our return to the period of the Pre‑Socratic philosophy of Parmenides and Heraclitus when asking the original philosophical question about being because it was they who preserved the harmony with logos. The subsequent development of the philosophical conception of the history of philosophy is connected with the names of the most significant followers of Husserl’s and Heidegger’s philosophies, including Eugen Fink, Jan Patočka and Hans‑Georg Gadamer. Gadamer put it clearly when he said that Fink, Patočka and he himself all tried to avoid repeating the ideas oftheir teachers. Instead they sought out ways of developing these ideas further.An important point of departure for each of these critical followers of Husserl and Heidegger became the issue of the philosophy of the history of philosophy in the form of weak models. The struggle for a new approach to philosophy was inconceivable without a new original conception of the historical‑philosophical heritage. In addition, it was time to bring to an endthe era of strong models of the philosophy of the history of philosophy, and to start developing weak models. From this point of view, the philosophical message of Fink, Patočka and Gadamer is unique historical‑philosophical material; it is the most valuable of what is offered to us by the philosophical investigation of the second half of the twentieth century.