Publisher: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego

Dyskursy dyskryminacji i tolerancji w przestrzeni publicznej współczesnej Polski (wartości, postawy, strategie)

Author(s): Bernadetta Ciesek / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2018

The aim of the present dissertation is to indicate the aspects of discrimination and tolerance existing in Polish public space together with the attitudes, values, and ideologies associated with them. The methodological framework of the work is discourse analysis, also in its critically-oriented variant. The first part is directed at developing a suitable conceptualization of the key notion, such that would be the most appropriate for attaining the established goals. The author refers both to tradition as well as to the most recent findings of contemporary humanities, both in the field of linguistics as well as sociology and philosophy. The linguistic perspective encompasses the accomplishments of the so-called French and Anglo-American school. The author also discusses the Polish tradition of research into functional styles. Due to the fact that the understanding of the category of discourse in some, especially English- and French-language studies is in conflict with the idea of text as defined by Polish researchers, this key notion has been taken up in the part of the work devoted to theoretical and methodological considerations. Only an appropriate narration of text and discourse does allow for arriving at such a definition of discourse that has a cognitive value in the studies on social communication. The author of the present work, inspired by the writings of Michel Foucault, adopts a conception of discourse that draws together the achievements of Lublin’s ethnolinguistics, constructivist theory of the so-called second reality formulated by Michael Fleischer, and the paradigm of critical discourse analysis. It treats discourse as the highest unit of the language/communication structure of abstract nature and distinguishes this category from text, which is seen as a separate entity of material nature. The identification and description of gestures of exclusion and tolerance requires an introduction of the category of the Other, who is seen by the author as not belonging to the community of the Self, differing from them in terms of the outlook on life, the system of values, lifestyle, and religion. On the basis of the analysis of selected discourses, e.g. the feminist, nationalistic, national and right-wing, religious, and the discourse of “Tygodnik Powszechny” magazine, the author reconstructs the images of the Other functioning in them, the ways in which they have been profiled (as Aliens, Enemies, the Third), and the attitudes towards the Otherness manifested by discourse communities. The author also discusses the values and convictions associated with the discourse conceptualizations of the world and relationships with the Others, as well as describes the communication strategies of the subjects of the discourses under analysis. The author avoids an arbitrary classification of the discourses under analysis as representing either tolerance or exclusion, demonstrating that in nearly each of them both principles can be identified.

Dyskursy o emocjach – pedagogika i codzienność szkolna

Author(s): Irena Przybylska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2018

The theme of the present work constitutes, in the broadest sense, the emotions and their importance in everyday school reality. In the book, I attempt a reading of academic discourses which concern emotions and an indication of their importance for pedagogical thinking and action. The educational discourse is constructed by, above all, the concept of emotions as an important factor for growth and education and the concept of assistance in the development of emotional competence of students. Assuming cultural definitions of emotions, I argue that in school as a social space and institution, emotions are not only a result of interpersonal processes, obligations and expectations but are also ontologically grafted into the process of upbringing and should be a studied discipline of educational influences in its own right. The framework for theoretical discussion is constituted by the category of emotional culture, defined as a collection of rules which direct behaviours and the expression of emotions, as well as the meanings given to emotions in a particular socio-cultural context. The semantic field outlined by this category turned out to be sufficiently generative to limit the object of empirical research to the emotional climate of a classroom and the emotional work of the teacher, where according to the theoretical assumptions, the emotional culture becomes apparent. The emotional climate has been conceptualized as a permanent or transitory availability of certain categories of emotions, which is socially established in emotional conventions. The emotional work of the teacher means undertaking actions as a response to the rules of emotional culture and with the purpose of maintaining self-presentation and emotional climate conductive to the performance of tasks expected of the teacher’s role. In such an understanding, emotional work has not only a psychological meaning, but also a pedagogical one. On the basis of heuristic models of emotional climate and work, the research tools have been constructed: The Questionnaire Emotional Climate – Student, and the Questionnaire Emotional Work – Teacher. The accuracy and the cohesion of both have been confirmed statistically. Due to the nature of the researched facts and pedagogical phenomena and the purpose of research, which, apart from a description also involve an attempt at an understanding and interpretation of the importance of emotions in a classroom environment, the empirical procedure employed triangulation. On the basis of the research results, among others, a relation between the teacher’s emotional work and the emotional climate of the classroom was verified. The description of the studied variables was “condensed” with a layer of subjective impressions, teachers’ and students’ convictions and observations gathered in the researched classrooms. Emotional experience of students in classrooms was described, and, on the basis of interviews with teachers, areas where they undertake emotional work were characterized. The book’s narrative remains open, as the undertaken concepts revealed many research fields which inspire further study and discussion. Moreover, the acquired results indicate the key areas for the redefinition of professional training of teachers, where the discourses on emotions are almost entirely absent.

Dyskursy widzialności. Słowa a obrazy

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2016

Contemporaneity is characterized by change consisting in the omnipresence of the image that has long lost its secondary status. It is impossible to understand the postmodern world without acknowledging the importance of iconic elements in communication, once dominated by the word. The conviction that only verbum shapes reality has become obsolete, as it is precisely the image that most easily affects our thinking, triggers emotions and builds memory. In a fast-paced civilization of rush, concise messages with condensed contents take the lead, and these often combine the visual with the verbal.A plethora of various domains show keen interest in visual-verbal messages: semiotics, anthropology of the image, sociology and photography studies, press studies, discourse studies, iconology, formalism, history of art, hermeneutics, philosophy and rhetorics, to mention a few that involve research into this liminal category. All of these have significant input that contributes to a full understanding of these complex phenomena. Consequently, we have invited representatives of various disciplines to share their academic insights. In this very volume we strive to present the richness of research possibilities stemming from the category of word and image in a number of distinct academic fields. Consequently, no single and uniform methodology or text formula have been adopted.The aim of this publication is to familiarize the reader with research perspectives combining the spheres of work and image and their functioning in the social disourse. The proposed areas of research encompass hipertexts, iconic-verbal installations, word and image in real and virtual space, internet memes, comic books, photography, poetry and visual literature, picture books, graphic and visual rendering of words, visual press genres, posters and reception of images in the corporeal dimension.We hope that the readers will be able to find a number of interesting aspects in the presented array of texts, which in turn will inspire further academic analyses. We invite the readers to participate in the debate on the overlapping of the spheres of words and images, the dynamics of iconic communication and their place within culture.

Dziedzictwo (nie)pamięci. Holocaustowe doświadczenia pisarek drugiego pokolenia

Author(s): Natalia Żórawska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2018

The aim of this monograph is to depict the Holocaust motif in women’s autobiographical prose after 2000. As the author of the book shows, for the last few years more and more female writers of the Second Generation after the Holocaust have been writing down their traumatic experiences caused by their – socially stigmatised – Jewish descent. In the first chapter, the author describes in general the notion of women’s Holocaust prose; she stresses that the Shoah is a culturally tabooed issue and, similarly to the prose written by women, is often ignored or negatively valorised. In the subsequent chapters, the author provides the examples of autobiographical books by Ewa Kuryluk, Agata Tuszyńska, Roma Ligocka, and Magdalena Tulli, which testify to the strengthened position of women’s autobiographical prose within the literature of the Shoah. While interpreting literary pieces, the author focuses primarily on the aspects of memory, forgetting, and postmemory, which are the foundations for Tulli’s short stories, Tuszyńska’s saga, and Ligocka’s novels. The reflections presented are grounded upon the motif of trauma of the first generation – represented by the writers’ mothers – and that of wounds of the second generation, which is the generation that has inherited the past tragedies from its relatives. The aim of this work is to show the relations between that which is bygone, and the present and future, as well as to make one sensitive to the individual experience of the writers in reference to the whole Jewish community. The chosen research perspective makes it possible to compare the analysed pieces along with emphasising their similarities and differences, and to stress that which is particularly popular in Holocaust narrations. „Legacy of (non-)Memory. Holocaust Experiences of the Second Generation Women Writers” is a voice in a discussion on the Shoah and adds to constantly extending reflections on trauma studies in Poland. A detailed analysis of the abovementioned pieces of women’s prose is supported with historical, sociological, and psychological contexts, but also fragments of interviews, providing a sui generis commentary on the discussed issues. The monograph is an attempt at outlining women’s Holocaust prose in reference to Polish-Jewish literature and at drawing attention to the characteristics of this issue.

Ecumeny and Law

Frequency: 1 issues / Country: Poland

An open forum provided for the legal thought, gives the Church an occasion to engage in dialogue with the world that concerns the way of implementing such universal principles as: respect for life, dignity and rights of the human being, freedom, tolerance and, in a wider social dimension – advocating the value of marriage, family, as well as solidarity with the less fortunate. The need to perpetuate this dialogue has found its actualization in a new canonic periodical Ecumeny and Law. Therein, the meeting of theologians representing various Christian churches, and more broadly, the encounter of scholars affiliated to ecumenical movement, with the representatives of legal studies – has as its aim the demonstration of full ecumenical potential of the canon law. The kernel of this dialogue is to call for human being’s subjectivity and unalienable rights, to champion justice, which – in practical terms translates into ensuring the “here-and-now” justice within the basic communities: marriages and families, and consequently – within the societies and nations of nowadays Europe.

Edukacja, kultura, sztuka – spoistość a integracja

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2016

Education, culture and art are subject to transformations, therefore they require reinterpretation being orientated not so much on their development but rather on social utility, readiness to manifest in other areas of human activity. They form a transparent network of relationships correlations that exemplifies the principle of reciprocity, an extremely important principle in education, which is embodied in the sphere of mutual exchange of services. Education, culture and art have always been mutually supportive, and determined each other’s development. All of these three areas accompany man throughout his life, however education, owing to the aspect of its institutionalisation and obligation, has become part and parcel of everyday life not only during childhood and adolescence, since the need for self development and education is permanent. Art and culture, even though they are constantly present in the social space, too often they remain outside the sphere of the awareness of a human, who does not notice them, underestimates them or even marginalises. This attitude is a result of lack or insufficiency of proper education. The observed absence or insufficiency of education in the field of culture and art poses a threat to the quality of life – on the one hand, whereas on the other hand it is a field that constitutes a space open for development, for focusing the attention of educational and social environments of parents, teachers, caregivers, local authorities and politicians on the essence of a systematic, deliberate inclusion of culture and art into modern education and the need for it. What the authors of the articles point out in this volume is that modern times bring about many dangers, traumatic experiences, irregularities that create barriers to a satisfying, full development.Let us, therefore, avail ourselves of the cultural heritage, of various fields of art, whichfor centuries have been waiting in readiness for social action. This need was postulated by Plato, Aristotle, Molière, Shakespeare, Durkheim, Comte, Znaniecki, Bernstein, Parsons, Radlińska, Beuys or Hanuszkiewicz. Maybe our contemporary activity in this field will make widespread what has been realised only to a limited extent. May these precious ingredients, i.e. culture and art, enrich education.Modern times, marked by, among others, cultural diversity, aging, social maladjustment, lackof social dialogue, the dominance of consumption oriented culture, lack of interest in culturalheritage and various fields of art, or inability to enjoy them, should be subjected to urgent educational activities carried out by both school and other educational environments, being aware of the role of education, culture and art in everyday life. In this context, art cannot be perceived merely as an artistic experience or feeling, nowadays – more than ever – it should become social practice, therefore it is analysed more and more frequently in sociological convention, and seen as one of the elements of the social system. History confirms the cohesiveness and integration of education, culture and art.The authors of the texts comprised in this volume express the need for demonstrating notso much an individual space of education, culture and art, but, above all, a common space ofthese activities, their reciprocity in the perspective of socio-cultural and civilisation transformations. The presented here considerations expose some chosen aspects of social life in these areas, showing the need for their mutual permeation, support and complementation, and the feasibility of that. The reader will not always find, in the presented texts, in-depth analyses within the particular thematic areas, since the intention of the authors was, in fact, to draw attention to certain contexts, sections of social reality that should benefit from the integration of education, culture and art.The paper consists of two parts, each of which presents specific thematic issues. The first partof the study, entitled: Deliberations on the experience of the present and the need for transformationsin the educational system in view of the requirements imposed by modern times, containsseven texts focused on the issues of education and the institution of school that is aware of thenecessity to meet the requirements of the present. The second part of the volume – under thetitle: Art and culture as a means of enhancing educational processes in the individual and social space, also comprises seven articles, which, this time, emphasise the contribution of culture / art understood not only as a specific work, but also as a certain attitude / readiness / willingness to act in the process of daily activities. The presented texts, being the result of research activities, theoretical analyses and scientific interests of individual authors, are characterized by significant diversity.

Efektywność terapii dyslalii. Logopedyczno-lingwistyczna analiza wyników badań

Author(s): Danuta Pluta-Wojciechowska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2019

In terms of methodology, this monograph is based on the thesis claiming that speech therapy is a study of biological determinants of language and linguistic behaviours, which underpins contemporary speech-therapy research. This very publication provides the results of empirical research relating to diagnosis and therapy of speech disorders stemming from malfunction of peripheral factors – malformations of speech organs and/or impaired biological functions. The main subject of analyses is the efficiency of speech-therapy treatment provided to persons with impaired phoneme production – children, adolescents, and adults. As a source of those nonnormative sounds discussed herein I pinpoint biological factors, such as ankyloglossia, malocclusions, breathing difficulties and swallowing impairments, difficulties in biting and chewing, parafunctions, such as thumb or finger sucking. The efficiency of a particular speech therapy is assessed by utilizing the elaborated paradigm, also employing statistical tests, which meets the assumption of Evidence Based Practice. Therefore, research like these are unprecedented either in Polish or world speech-therapy studies. For the assessment of therapies, I developed the Strategic Method of Improving Phonemes Implementation (hereinafter referred to as SMIPI, Polish Strategiczna metoda usprawniania realizacji fonemów,) of my own authorship. Some threads of my study occasionally refer to previously elaborated methods of treating speech impediments, yet I challenge or discard quite a few of them as methodologically invalid, for instance, exercising the tongue outside the oral cavity, tensioning the tip of the tongue. The monograph opens with a chapter placing speech therapy – metaphorically – between linguistics and medicine, which pertains to a place of the discipline on the epistemological plane. In the chapter I present analyses relating to particular cognitive background of speech therapy and its place amongst other disciplines. My considerations underscore the originality of speechtherapy approach – considered against the background of other scientific fields – in case of impediments in producing peripherally-determined phonemes. In Chapter 2 of the monograph I investigate issues of diagnosis and treatment of phoneme production disorders as speech-therapy procedures. The chapter commences enumeration of assumptions embedding the subsequent comments. Assuming a number of notions fundamental for both linguistics and speech therapy imposes some order on thinking and allows the Readers to notice the broader context behind the topic this treatise is concerned with. Consecutive parts of Chapter 2 deal with the significance of diagnosis in its heuristic dimension for designing and carrying out treatment. I assume that what ought to result from the examination process of a given speech impediment’s symptom along with its aetiology, is not solely establishing the name of a given nosological unit relating to the diagnosed condition, but also preparing a kind of diagnostic narrative depicting mechanism behind occurrence of speech impediments, however, within the confines of up-to-date knowledge (thus, I do not discard the event that contemporary speech therapy is oblivious to some causes of speech disorders, which results from the scope of human knowledge coming from various disciplines dealing with speech, e.g. medicine). The mode of operation defined in such a way enables us to reconstruct the development of speech disorder. In the discussed chapter I also comment upon early and contemporary approaches to treatment of phoneme production disorders. Having paid a necessary homage to the work of past researchers, I undertake analyses that show both advantages and deficits characterising hitherto used methods of treatment, also in the context of the most recent studies of phoneme production disorders. Chapter 3 is focused on methodology of research, including problems, hypotheses and methods of studies, accepted terms and assumptions, ordering the research process; therein I also discuss the limits of research carried out. The major study problem is assessing the efficiency of speech therapy with the usage of previously mentioned SMIPI method.. Among the most important research methods the following can be counted: analytical-phonetic method of speech evaluation, anatomical-functional method of assessing speech organs (anatomical structure of speech organs, the respiratory, swallowing, and chewing processes), interview, an experimental study consisting in carrying out speech therapy (based on SMIPI, and akin to it – FTM, Polish fizjologiczna terapia miofunkcjonalna ‘physiological myofunctional therapy’) encompassing 69 subject, 3 to 40 years of age (they were divided into three age groups), and finally, analysing the research results and establishing statistical correlation. In turn, Chapter 4 of the monograph gives the account of research results referring to efficiency of utilizing SMIPI method and provides analyses of the studied facets of therapeutic efficiency: the pace of improvements taking place that regard primary functions (e.g. initiating vertical-horizontal tongue position, initiating tongue resting posture, initiating proper swallowing), the rate of uttering/emitting the initial sound, the pace of transformations occurring within the patients’ phonetic system. This part of the monograph also contains some linguistic and speech-therapy analyses pertaining to important, from the vantage point of designing and carrying out therapy, aspects of undertaken actions, such as sequencing of speech-sounds disorders therapy and methods of prompting speech sounds. I also discuss the “domino effect” and selfregulation phenomenon it involves. In my analyses of SMIPI method’s efficiency, I devise the general approach (relating to the results of therapy distinguished for the age group of patients) as well as individual one (relating to therapy efficiency in case of a particular patient). The research results indicate that SMIPI is an efficient treatment method, however, its efficiency varies dependent on age group. In the aspect of normalizing primary abilities, the rate of attaining desired changes is greater in persons 15 to 40 years of age than in children 3 to 6 years of age. The research results show, in turn, that the latter group displays the greatest improvements in terms of phonetic changes. The chapter that follows is a summarizing one, and it distinguishes the crucial research results from the analyses undertaken along with proposals of future necessary analyses and empirical procedures pertaining to upcoming scientific problems. In this part, I additionally address so-called wizardry and tricks used while eliciting sounds, the issue of so-called therapeutic methods universality, and I also present SMIPI against the backdrop of different ways of speech-therapy interventions. Finally, I account for the possibility to alter or modify the mode of proceeding I propose.

Ekshibicjonizm społeczny w Internecie. Motywy i potencjalne zagrożenia dla zdrowia i bezpieczeństwa młodzieży

Author(s): Katarzyna Borzucka-Sitkiewicz,Karina Leksy / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2017

Currently, the Internet space is becoming an increasingly relevant environment for individuals. Intense use of new technologies, especially the social media, transforms them into a socializing environment which is almost on a par with that of school or family. On this account, it is essential that an extensive educational program be implemented in the media, aiming not to restrict contact with the new technologies, but to educate man in the use of these technologies so that they serve the good of man. This stance was the staring point for writing the following monograph, the purpose of which was to provide a theoretical and empirical foundation for developing various educational initiatives. The book is divided into six complementary chapters. The first three chapters comprise a meta-analysis of the theoretical issues which are the framework for the author’s research. Chapter four describes the methodology of research, chapter five and six contain an analysis of the studies with a diagnostic-verifying character, which were aimed at establishing the typology of the behavior of middle school students in the media space and determining its potential social and health consequences. It is a publication not only for the theoreticians of pedagogy and its related sciences, but also for the practitioners dealing with the broadly understood prophylaxis and media education.

Ekspresja ruchu – ciało – kreacja – komunikat

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2016

The study ‘The expression of movement - body - creation - message’ is an interdisciplinary theoretical-empirical study focused on the presence and significance of the body and corporealness in culture, education and therapy. It includes considerations pioneered by the issue of the body understood as a medium that enables self-discovery, self-creation, renewing of potentials and creative forces. The carried out analyses and reflections on the body indicate that it can be affected by experiences, emotions and sensory experiences induced by music and sound. It is a tool of expression of movement and an object that gives life to new artistic forms. The body is a space of emotional messages, which reflects the attitude towards oneself and also encodes information about the surrounding world.The publication may be interesting and a source of inspiration to people from the circles of humanistic and social sciences, in particular, culture experts, psychologists, educators and teachers aspiring to unlock the creative potential of the body and non-verbal message.

Elementy prywatne i publiczne w procesie cywilnym w świetle prac kodyfikacyjnych w Polsce (1918–1964). Studium historycznoprawne

Author(s): Anna Stawarska-Rippel / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2015

The past century in Poland had witnessed significant regime changes which resulted in the subsequent codification, decodification and recodification of the law, which, as far as the civil procedure is concerned – following substantial changes resulting from the third political transformation in the 20th century – has remained in effect until the present day. The following monograph is devoted to the history of codification of the Polish civil procedure, mapped against the backdrop of the evolution of this particular branch of law in Europe and the subsequent “revolution” in Poland, following the Second World War, taking into account its patterns as well as its reach in the remaining countries governed by people’s democracy. The author considers the topic from the perspective of the private and public aspects of the civil procedure, which have a profound impact on the shape and content of the Code of Civil Procedure. The monograph touches upon the works on the codification that were attempted twice in the history of the Polish civil procedure and discusses the model of civil litigation with the focus on the aspect of delineating the relationship between the individual and the state. The two main chapters of the monograph have been preceded by comprehensive introductions, which provide the legal-historical, comparative, and theoretical background for the primary argument. In those parts of the monograph, the author discusses the evolution of the civil procedure in Western Europe in the 19th and 20th century, the specifics of the peculiar socialist civil procedure, as well as the means of recourse against judgments in the civil proceedings in the context of the interests of both the state and the individual. In the discussion concerning the processes undertaken even before the creation of the Codification Committee in 1919, the author conducts a comparative legal analysis of the problem of the principal rules of the civil procedure as well as minute details which have fundamental bearing on the model of the Code of Civil Procedure. The following argument focuses on the efforts of the Codification Committee, unprecedented both in Europe and the entire world. At that time, the primary goal of the government was integration of the Polish lands, divided by partitions and restoration of the Polish sovereignty. As a result of the efforts of the Codification Committee of the Second Polish Republic, the first Polish Code of Civil Procedure was created (1930); this original work, the fruit of long-term efforts of the most distinguished Polish legal experts, was, in fact, an in-depth comparative study. The interwar codifiers analysed not only the civil procedures in force in Poland: Russian (1864), German (1877), Austrian (1895) and Hungarian (1911), but also the most significant civil procedures in Europe, including the civil procedure of the Swiss cantons of Zurich (1913) and Bern (1918), as well as the civil procedure of Italy (1865), Greece (1834) and, in part, England (1873–1873), despite its relative lack of significance due to the fundamental differences between the common law and the continental law. The first drafts of Code of the Civil Procedure were distinctive due to their attempts to include a fair number of the public aspects in the civil proceedings, which was also characteristic of the evolution of the civil procedure in Europe at that time and was intended as a remedy for the shortcomings of the civil jurisdiction. However, the final draft of the Code did not include several pioneering, innovative concepts which concerned preparatory proceedings, abuse of rules of procedure clause, obligation of truthfulness, the discretional power of the judge, evidence proceedings, as well as the construction of an obligatory replay to the statement of claim and default judgment. Several other significant changes, which severely misrepresented the initial intentions of the codifiers, were implemented at the governmental stage of development. The omission of the proposed institutions was caused by the desire to preserve the golden mean, which was modelled after the Austrian civil procedure to an extent. On the other hand, the governmental changes were characterised by the urge to make the first Polish Code of Civil Procedure more similar to the Russian legislation, which resulted from the pressure and protests of the lawyers coming from the former Congress Poland. The necessity of making the civil procedure more flexible as well as making their forms more simple and the amount of regulation more reasonable, along with various other problems discussed within the framework of the civil procedural law by the Codification Committee of the Second Polish Republic, is discussed until this day, in the context of numerous changes following the political transformation and the necessity of drafting a new – third – Code of Civil Procedure. The preservation of formal but at the same time critical and selective legal continuity in the first years of the Polish People’s Republic resulted in the necessity of revision of the inherited law and restructuring of its tenets to reflect the socialist agenda. Implementation of the Soviet ideas of difference and protection of property as well as planned economy resulted in weakening of the civil procedural law and the increased importance of the administrative law. In this context, the monograph touches upon the problems of that time, concerning restrictions on the civil procedure (non-litigious proceedings, state arbitration). The transformation of the political and legal system in countries governed by people’s democracy resulted in significant and forced unification of adjective law. This involuntary unification was conducted in a very short time. The situation was similar in the USSR, where, on the basis of the authority of the Soviet Union with regard to establishing the foundations of the judicial system and legal proceedings, as well as the civil and penal law–introduced by the resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union of February 11th, 1957–the law was unified in all the federal republics, according to the USSR legislation. The circumstances surrounding the drafting of the Polish Act of July 20th, 1950 and its content, which constituted, in fact, decodification of the civil procedure, have been discussed in comparison with the changes taking place in the civil procedure in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Hungary at that time. The draft of the new code proposed by the Department of Justice (1955) further eroded the first Polish Code of Civil Procedure; however, ultimately, the project was not implemented. Following the establishment of the Codification Committee in 1956, the codification efforts were characterised by relative leniency caused by comparative liberalisation connected with the change in the political climate (1956), and strictly substantial discussion based on comparative analysis that transcended the boundaries of the socialist law and thoroughly discussed the essence of the civil procedure in the light of its development. The effect of those proceedings was a satisfactory first draft of the new code (1960), which had hallmarks of evolution. This draft was later subject to changes in the second draft and later in the governmental and parliamentary stages of the codification work, until finally the second Polish Code of Civil Procedure (1964) was passed, in accordance with the political principles of the time. The chapter devoted to the private and public aspects in the system of recourse against judgments, the author discusses the problem of the character of the appeal and the character of the third instance made by the Codification Committee of the Second Polish Republic. Next, in the context of the Soviet model and the new legal regulations in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and East Germany, the author discusses the issues of the appeal and the extraordinary appeal against a final judgment as well as the possibility of challenging judgments in force by the state authority in the Polish People’s Republic starting with the amendment of July 20th, 1950, through the drafts of the Code of Civil Procedure, their critique and implemented changes, to the passing of the Code (1964). The history of codification of the civil procedure in the Second Polish Republic and Polish People’s Republic, regardless of the motivation, illustrates the phenomenon in which the final draft of the act differs significantly–usually for the worse–from the initial premises and conceptions established by the experts who worked on the first draft for a prolonged period of time.

Embracing Folk Material and Finding the New Objectivity: Karol Szymanowski's Twenty Mazurkas op. 50 and Two Mazurkas op. 62

Author(s): Anna Kijanowska / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2018

This book examines the presence of folk material in and the influence of the New Objectivity on the „Mazurkas” op. 50 and op. 62 by Karol Szymanowski through various elements: rhythmic patterns, form, proportions, phrase structure, texture, accompaniment patterns, and articulation. Special emphasis is placed on the influence of the folk music practiced in the Highland region of the Tatra Mountains and its unquestionable presence in the „Mazurkas”. This dissertation dispenses with an analysis of the tonal system in the „Mazurkas”, a topic extensively covered in a thesis by Ann Kossakowski (Yale University, 1980). Chapter 1 discusses stylistic differences in Szymanowski’s works prior to the 1920s and beyond, as well as general trends in European music of that period. Chapter 2 focuses on the New Objectivity movement which is exemplified by the return to traditional forms and textures. Found in the works of Schoenberg, Stravinsky, and Hindemith, this new trend represents the search for a new direction reflective of Baroque and Classical models. The subsequent chapter is devoted exclusively to Polish folk music with distinctions drawn between Lowland and Highland folk styles and draws upon various examples of folk dances and songs. The main body of the book begins in Chapter 4, which is devoted to the analysis of the „Mazurkas”. A close look at the individual elements of the compositions highlights the remarkable way in which Szymanowski’s music manifests the New Objectivity in its texture, clear phrase structure, symmetrical proportions, and the rhythmic unity achieved through irregular accents typical of folk music. Chapter 5 explores the interpretive challenges a performer faces in the „Mazurkas” and examines each composition individually, analyzing the character and function of key elements: rhythmic patterns, articulation, and especially rubato. Szymanowski’s influence on modern Polish music and his contribution to later generations cannot be overstated and is the subject matter of the last chapter, followed by a summation in the conclusion.

English semantic loans, loan translations, and loan renditions in informal Polish of computer users

Author(s): Marcin Zabawa / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2017

It is common knowledge that Polish is under a strong influence of English nowadays. In the past, such influence was largely restricted to lexical borrowings, noticed and commented upon both by linguists, in the literature on the subject (see especially the monographs by Mańczak-Wohlfeld 1994, 1995, 2006), and by non-linguists, for instance in the popular press. Nowadays the picture is different: English continues to affect Polish at the level of lexis; however, other spheres are not free from the English influence, either. Thus, apart from lexical loans, which have already been relatively thoroughly researched, semantic borrowings, loan translations, loan renditions, and semi-calques (all of which attracted much less attention from linguists) appear with a high frequency as well. In addition, minor types of influence, manifested through the existence of syntactic and morphological loans, can also be detected; such spheres as spelling or punctuation are also under the influence of English, particularly in the more informal varieties of Polish texts. /fragment of the introduction/

ER(R)GO. Teoria-Literatura-Kultura

Frequency: 2 issues / Country: Poland

ER(R)GO jest ogólnopolskim periodykiem naukowym nawiązującym do kilkunastoletniej działalności interdyscyplinarnej grupy seminaryjnej o tej samej nazwie. Profil merytoryczny Periodyk poświęcony jest przede wszystkim refleksji nad wytworami kultury współczesnej - także kultury popularnej - ze szczególnym naciskiem na zagadnienia teoretyczne i w najszerszym sensie z teorią związane. Tematyka obejmuje analizę zjawisk, dzieł, procesów kulturowych i literackich oraz ich uwarunkowań, analizę kontekstów je określających, zagadnienia metodologii badań literaturoznawczych i kulturoznawczych, analizę współczesnych tendencji w kulturze i ich założeń myślowych, zmiany paradygmatów teoretycznych i metodologicznych, analizę etycznych i aksjologicznych uwikłań prądów oraz zjawisk kulturowych i literackich, syntezy teoretycznoliterackie i kulturoznawcze, związki literatury z filozofią i innymi naukami. Istotny nacisk kładzie się na zagadnienia teoretycznoliterackie, przy czym literatura postrzegana jest w jej powiązaniach z kontekstami i procesami ogólnokulturowymi. Zadaniem pisma jest wypełnienie niszy między periodykami literaturoznawczymi i kulturoznawczymi oraz umożliwienie spotkania tych dwóch szerokich dziedzin w jednej przestrzeni czytelniczej. Ogólny tenor pisma należy określić jako interdyscyplinarny. Krąg odbiorców Przedstawiciele humanistyki uniwersyteckiej: pracownicy naukowi, doktoranci, studenci, w szczególności zaś specjaliści i czytelnicy przejawiający zainteresowania w zakresie literaturoznawstwa (teoria, komparatystyka, krytyka), nauk o kulturze, socjologii, antropologii, filozofii (szczególnie w zakresie jej pokrewieństw z innymi dziedzinami humanistyki) oraz krąg odbiorców interdyscyplinarnych. Działy Głównymi działami pisma są „Rozprawy - szkice - eseje” poświęcone tematyce określonej wyżej oraz „Przekłady”, mieszczące jeden lub dwa ważne teksty obcojęzyczne w tłumaczeniu polskim. Uzupełnieniem tych centralnych sekcji każdego numeru będą opcjonalne i konstruowane w miarę aktualnych potrzeb działy uzupełniające: „Polemiki - komentarze - uwagi”, zawierające materiał dyskusyjny, oraz „Recenzje - noty - omówienia”.

Ethos rycerski w kulturze. Tradycje i kontynuacje. T. I: W kręgu średniowiecza

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2017

This multiauthored monograph puts forward an interdisciplinary approach to the chivalric code, developed in the Middle Ages, whose broad tradition has expanded since those times up to the 21st century and is cultivated in various areas of life, both in Europe and the rest of the world. The authors gathered in this work belong to numerous disciplines, including history, literary studies, and cultural studies; moreover, among the texts included, one might find even the papers contributed by an archaeologist and a sport historian. By all means does it prove that the issue tackled in this monograph touches upon an important cultural phenomenon, which – regardless of the influences and “borrowings” exchanged between the differing civilisations – lays the foundations for the development of any of the human communities. The work is recommended not only to scholars, but also to a broader audience of people interested in the chivalric culture with is traditions and shifts.

Ethos rycerski w kulturze. Tradycje i kontynuacje. T. II: Ethos sarmacki i jego tradycje

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2017

The second volume of this multiauthored monograph concerning the chivalric code aims to draw attention of those interested in the culture of Sarmatism and its traditions. The contributors include prominent literary and cultural scholars working on the Polish Republic of Nobles [szlachta]. Polish nobles were fascinated with the values originating in the ancient Rome and considered themselves as their rightful heirs. Even though the heroic acts among the Polish army in the 16th and 17th centuries were noted, the everyday life of the militaries back then was often detached from the high ideals derived from the chivalric code. Most of the contributions are concerned with the vernacular culture, literature, and writings in the 16th and 17th centuries; still, this work also consists of the chapters devoted to the traditions of Sarmatism recurring throughout the epochs much closer to our contemporary position.

Etno-grafie, kulturo-grafie

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2018

Ethno-graphies, culture-graphies is a publication associated with a project realised by the Department of the Theory and the History of Culture of the University of Silesia in Katowice in collaboration with the Faculty of International Polish Studies of the University of Silesia, the School of the Polish Language and Culture of the University of Silesia, the Polish Cultural Studies Association – the Katowice department, the Museum of the History of Katowice, and the Polish Academy of Learning – the Katowice station. The project, which is interdisciplinary in nature, combines anthropological, ethnographic, cultural science, historical and literature-science reflection of young researchers who represent various centres of scholarship. In 2016 and in 2017 two international scholarly conferences were organised in which speakers from countries such as Kyrgyzstan, Italy, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraine, Croatia, Russia, China and Poland participated. The publication accompanies the conferences which were organised, although it is not a conference volume.The book entitled Ethno-graphies, culture-graphies contains the works of experts in the field of culture, Indologists, linguists and the experts in the field of literature. The eponymous “ethno-graphies” do not refer to various alternative models of a discipline (ethnography). For us, both “ethno-graphies” and “culture-graphies” indicate manners of writing about culture. The word “culture-graphy” was coined as a neologism to bring out the peculiar nature of writing about phenomena which are difficult to associate with ethne in the traditional acceptation of the term but which may be considered to constitute cultural phenomena. The purpose of the texts presented in the volume is to take the reader “on a journey” – a journey from the most remote places, such as ancient India, directly to Upper Silesia.

Etos polityków w kodeksach etycznych radnych

Author(s): Tomasz Czakon,Danuta Ślęczek-Czakon / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2019

Politics and politicians are harshly evaluated. One of the politicians᾽ answers to the accusations and social expectations of following the most important moral principles is adopting ethical codes, in which they declare their good intentions, specify the standards of conduct and commit themselves to comply with them. Ethical codes are adopted by politicians in many countries. The situation is similar in Poland, where parliamentarians, as well councillors of many different local government units have their own codes. The authors᾽ subject of interest are ethical codes of councillors. This is because there are a lot of them and thanks to that it allows the authors to assess the dominant ethos among politicians. That notion is defined as the set of values and norms considered to be binding in politics. The authors assume that there are many similarities between councillors (of various levels of government) and members of parliament (councillors become parliamentarians, parliamentarians become councillors, both councillors and parliamentarians are members of the same political parties or local political organizations), thus by analysing the ethical codes of councillors, the ethos of politicians can be reconstructed.The authors analysed 58 codes from various local government levels from all over Poland (different regions of country). The analysis of the content of the codes was based on the assumption that the ethos of politicians create not only the virtues of politicians, but also the nature of the institutions in which they act, relations with the environment and — especially — with voters. This was also the basis for establishing research questions and hypotheses: some of them concern the formal side of the codes (do they meet the requirements of constructing codes?), however, the majority refers to the declared values and principles that make up the ethos of councillor‑politicians. One of the hypotheses assumed that in the codes of ethics for councillors, who are operating in a democratic state, a politician‑democrat ethos should be revealed. Analysis of the content of codes of ethics for councillors led to the conclusion that the democratic ethos is poorly outlined in them, whereas corruption prevention and autocratic attitude prevail. Democratic values are present only in 1/3 of the analysed codes. The ethos of politicians, implicit in the ethical codes, is a chaotic and inconsistent collection of various values, principles and attitudes.

Etykieta zawodowa i protokół dyplomatyczny

Author(s): Andrzej Szteliga / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2018

Good manners and ethical conduct are extremely important in interpersonal relationships in general, but they gain special significance in international and interstate relations at various levels. An example, especially on the professional level, can be diplomatic behaviour, which constitutes a specific compilation of historical traditions and contemporary good practices, based on legal and customary norms. The book „Professional Etiquette & Diplomatic Protocol” by Andrzej Szteliga in an accessible way presents and discusses classical principles of savoir-vivre, professional and social etiquette as well as basic issues of diplomatic protocol and foreign service. Therefore, many of its pages contain such terms as ethics, professional etiquette, savoirvivre, diplomatic protocol, foreign service - explained theoretically and discussed in practice. The book, due to its character as an academic textbook, has a unique cognitive and educational value, not only for students, but also for politicians (especially young), local government officials and managers. The text of the publication is enriched by numerous photographs and situational drawings. The work presents in detail the classic principles of savoir-vivre, i.e. issues related to greetings and farewells, getting to know one another and establishing contacts and the role of business cards in this process, conducting private talks and official speeches, the mastery of diplomatic, official and private correspondence, precedence (seniority) in professional and social relations, and traditional forms of address in various environments. Further thematic blocks are related to the issues of the diplomatic protocol, i.e. to the basic elements of diplomatic and consular law, the characteristics of the rules governing foreign contacts (not only diplomatic and consular), the organisation of visits and meetings, the preparation and dispatch of invitations, participation in official and accompanying programmes, conducting negotiations and concluding agreements, a diplomatic ceremony, a flag protocol, placement of officials and guests and the order of speeches, organisation and operation of the foreign service in Poland and abroad (the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and bilateral and multilateral posts), awards and distinctions. Then there are the other etiquette issues, also very important ones, such as organisation of parties for various occasions, rules for seating guests at the table, configuration of tables, duties of hosts and guests, culinary ritual, conversations and toasts, use of specific outfits and clothes for various occasions (informal clothes and formal costumes), participation in dancing parties, as well as use of the car for business and private purposes, i.e. what car one should drive, how to seat the guests, how to get in and out of the car properly. The substantive part of the work ends with a presentation of typical improper behaviour and gaffes, as well as advice on how to avoid them. Contemporaneity is characterized by the fact that it readily makes use of centuries of tradition, adapting some of them to changing interpersonal relations. Thus, manners still define a man, according to the manners make man principle, and savoir vivre should be used in our professional and social life both on a daily basis and on special occasions.

Europa XX–XXI wieku. Społeczno-polityczne konsekwencje kryzysów

Author(s): Marcela Gruszczyk,Lech Krzyżanowski,Miłosz Skrzypek / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2017

The industrial revolution of the 19th century gave impetus to changes on unprecedented scale, which resulted in profound social transformations, namely: the increase of citizens’ political consciousness and – of no lesser importance – countrywide uprisings, triggerd by the nationalist ideology. The end of the century was also full of events announcing the forthcoming armed conflict which – in its aftermath – spurred a total redefinition of the political order in Europe as it had been hitherto known. What clearly illustrates the size of the conflict are the multi-million-dollar human and material losses, the degradation and decline of the European agricultural production as well as equally significant decrease in the area of foreign investment, and finally, disturbances in trade relations, implied – first and foremost – by huge debts and by the scale of war reparations. No less important here is also the Bolshevisation of Russia with all the negative consequences of this process.The first half of the 20th century brought the largest economic crisis ever. It had a tremendous impact on the development of economic thought, casuing an indubitable change in its mainstream. Both politicians and economists are unequivocally convinced that the huge scale of economic fluctuations in the free market economy model almost completely precludes the efficient use of resources on a macroeconomic scale. Thus, the existing economic liberalism was replaced by the state interventionism and, consequently, the departure from the gold standard. By the same token, the Great Depression should be classified as one of the most important events of the 20th century. One can safely agree with the thesis that the Great Crisis made the outbreak of World War II possible, although it did not render the war inevitable. It also undoubtedly undermined the belief in the effective functioning of either the market or the capitalist system, which could partly explain why the ineffective and at the same time criminal communist regime was sanctioned. Referring to Paul Johnson’s words, it can be said that the crisis was exerting an emotional and intellectual impact on human consciousness almost until the end of the 1980s, when Soviet collectivism finally collapsed and the whole world had to admit that the free market could not be replaced by any other economical system.The hecatomb, i.e. the aforementioned World War II, had consequences hitherto unheard-of in the history of civilization, which touched upon political, social, economic, and cultural issues. They were, above all, the unimaginable demographic losses; what is more, the enormous costs and, subsequently, the impossible to estimate value of damages. No less important here is the new order, formed after the war ended, which divided Europe with an “iron curtain.” After the military actions have been seized, the so-called West, continued to develop in a diverse manner, but also acclaming the fact that political and economic processes maintain their continuity, steerability, and rationality. Despite perturbations, the process took its course within a determined framework and according to predictable institutional and legal structures. These questions looked completely different on the eastern side of the aforesaid “curtain.” The two hostile political camps also differed regarding their economic systems; fortunately, it was for the so-called Eastern Bloc that the consequences of the difference turned out to be disastrous. What also falls into the category of issues discussed in the present work is an energy crisis in the seventies of the 20th century, connected with the political conflict between the West and the Arab states. It resulted in a recession and a slowdown in economic growth with all the negative consequences. On the other hand, by the end of the 1980s, it was connected with the breakup of the communist system in Europe. Although it is difficult to underestimate the positive aspect of this phenomenon, the collapse of communism caused many local conflicts in the countries that constituted the former USSR. The simultaneous collapse of the regime in the former Yugoslavia strengthened separatist tendencies, resulting in long, bloody struggles on its territory. The outbreak of extreme nationalism became the driving force behind a civil war, leading to a wave of national and religious persecution as well as an ethnic purge, heitherto inconceivable after World War II.The 21st century is inherently associated with in the phenomenon of globalization,which has its positive and negative dimensions, whose assessment – for the time being – eludes the criteria of historical analysis, though it finds its multifaceted expression in inquiries of other sciences.It should be emphasized that the succinctness of the above approach is intended solely to summarize the scale and variety of the events and processes discussed, which is directly related to the common denominator indicated in the introduction. The analysis of texts published in this volume should lead the Reader to the fullest possible comprehension of the eponymous issue. The research conducted in this field shows clearly the huge diversity and variety of phenomena, commonly referred to as the crisis. Unfortunately, despite its enormous efforts to investigate the causes, courses, and consequences of political, financial, and economic crises, science has not yet succeded in finding a remedy for their emergence; nevertheless, as yet unweavering in these efforts, perhaps it will contribute to alleviating the enormous costs of overcoming them. Editors

Ewaluacja w edukacji – teoria i praktyka

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Polish / Publication Year: 2019