Ekologia i ewolucja interakcji pomiędzy konsumentami nasion i drzewami iglastymi
Ecology and evolution of interaction between seed predators and conifers

Summary/Abstract: The specialization of predispersal seed predators feeding on closed cones is a particular example of co-evolution, which can occur in antagonistic relations and mutualist. The number of species that specialize in pre-dispersal seed predation is relatively small. Examples of specialized pre-dispersal seed predators adapted to feeding on closed cones include vertebrate species like crossbills (Loxia sp.), squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris L. and Tamiasciurus sp.), nutcrackers (Nucifraga caryocatactes L.), woodpeckers (Picidae family) and some insects. As the results of selective pressure by the pre-dispersal seed predators species, coniferous create some features against them, e.g.. spiny apophyses. Seed predators as a result of selection against certain morphological features of cones favour particular phenotypic features.

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